Toward optimal menu design

Abstract

Benzene oxide, the initial metabolite of the human carcinogen benzene, reacts with DNA producing 7-phenylguanine (7-PhG) and other products. We developed a highly sensitive liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry-parallel reaction monitoring method for the analysis of 7-PhG in DNA. Accuracy and precision of the method were established and the detection limit was about 8amol of 7-PhG injected on the column and less than 1 adduct per 10(9) nucleotides in DNA. 7-PhG was detected in calf thymus DNA reacted with 1μM to 10mM benzene oxide. The method was applied for the analysis of DNA isolated from bone marrow, lung, and liver of B6C3F1 mice treated by gavage with 50mg/kg benzene in corn oil 5 times weekly for 4weeks. 7-PhG was not detected in any of these DNA samples. The method was applied to DNA from mouse hepatocytes exposed to 100μM benzene oxide and human TK-6 lymphoblasts exposed to 100μM, 1, and 10mM benzene oxide. 7-PhG was only detected in TK-6 cell DNA from the 10mM exposure. The method was also applied to leukocyte DNA from 10 smokers and 10 nonsmokers. 7-PhG was detected in only one DNA sample, from a nonsmoker. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that the benzene oxide-DNA adduct 7-PhG is involved in carcinogenesis by benzene.

Visual Menu Techniques

“…We argue that the main reason is that menu properties are not well identified and organized. In other words, the design space of menu properties is not sufficiently characterized, which is the first step to elaborate advanced models of menu performance [Bailly et al 2014]. This is why we present a taxonomy of menu properties in section 4.…”

“…From our point of view, establishing efficient models of performance is the next important challenge to address. However, building a predictive model is a complex work which first necessitates a deep understanding of menu properties and their respective impact [Bailly et Oulasvirta 2014]. The present study is one step in this direction.…”

“…Towards a unified model of menu performance. Bailly et al (2014) proposed a model of menu performance called VSST that unifies the ACT-R and EPIC models. VSST assumes a serial search component such as ACT-R and a directed search component, which refines the random search component from EPIC or SDP.…”

“…Menu design can be considered as an optimization problem Macgregor 1985, Bailly andOulasvirta 2014]. An "optimal menu" is the particular menu design that best meets all usability goals (e.g.…”

The adaptation of visual search to utility, ecology and design

“…In addition, to a contribution to the science of understanding how people adapt to interface design our work also adds evidence in support of the argument that some aspects of design might be automated. Pirolli (2007), Bailly, Oulasvirta, Kötzing, and Hoppe (2013) and Bailly and Oulasvirta (2014) have argued that it might be possible to discover 'optimal designs'. For example, Bailly et al define an optimal menu system as the menu system that best meets all design goals and relevant constraints and they thereby define menu design as an optimization problem.…”