Toward simultaneous toughening and reinforcing of trifunctional epoxies by low loading flexible reactive triblock copolymers

Abstract

Flexible reactive poly(glycidyl methacrylate)-b-poly(propylene glycol)-b-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (GPG) and nonreactive poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(propylene glycol)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (EPE80) were utilized to toughen a trifunctional epoxy (diglycidyl 4, 5-epoxycyclohexane-1, 2-dicarboxylate, TDE-85).In comparison with the nonreactive EPE80 and reactive GPG92 with long reactive blocks (L reactive ), the incorporation of reactive GPG83 with short L reactive improved the comprehensive mechanical properties of the epoxy. Upon an optimal GPG83 loading of 2.5 wt%, the tensile strength, elongation at break and critical strain energy release rate (G 1c ) increased by ca. 31%, 45.9% and 130.8%, respectively, without sacrificing the modulus and thermal stability. Morphology characterization evidenced that micro-scale domains and nanosized vesical micelles coexisted in the nonreactive EPE80 toughened systems.However, homogeneous morphologies were formed in reactive GPG83 and GPG92 toughened systems.Fracture morphology analysis suggested that GPG can toughen epoxy thermosets by incorporating flexible PPG blocks into the epoxy network, thereby enabling an energy dissipation mechanism. The good balance between the mobility of flexible PPG and degree of cross-link density leads to the simultaneous toughening and reinforcing effect of GPG83 toward the trifunctional epoxy.

Preparation of a Dmap-Catalysis Lignin Epoxide and the Study of Its High Mechanical-Strength Epoxy Resins with High-Biomass Content

“…These results demonstrate that the DB80 resin with a high-biomass content has a good storage modulus at room temperature by the co-curing of DMAP-lignin epoxide and BADGE. Since the DB and BB resins were prepared by co-curing of the lignin epoxide, BADGE, and BDDGE, their storage moduli are mainly affected by the factors in terms of crosslinking density, phase structure, and the molecular weight and structure of the epoxides [11,24,[31][32][33][34]. The DB80 resin shows a higher storage modulus compared to the DB40 resin at a low temperature (i.e., −50 • C), as shown in Figure 6a and Table 7.…”

Synthesis of poly(ionic liquid) for trifunctional epoxy resin with simultaneously enhancing the toughness, thermal and dielectric performances

“…Up to now, one of most common methods to ameliorate the fracture resistance of epoxy resin is introducing another phase, such as rubber elastomers, 1-5 thermoplastics, [6][7][8] block copolymers [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] and nanollers, [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] into the epoxy resin. Through these methods, toughened epoxy resins are indeed achieved but mostly at the expense of deterioration in thermal resistance, which limits their applications.…”

Studies on the curing behavior, thermal, and mechanical properties of epoxy resin‐co‐amine‐functionalized lead phthalocyanine

“…Therefore, it is necessary to toughen the epoxy resin. [4][5][6] Adding the second component can effectively improve the toughness of epoxy resin, such as nano-inorganic particles, [7][8][9][10][11] rubber elastomers, [12][13][14][15][16] and thermoplastic polymers. [17][18][19][20][21] It needs to solve the agglomeration of nanoparticles in the matrix and the interfacial compatibility with the matrix.…”

“…The phthalocyanine structure was modified by introducing substitutable groups into the phthalocyanine benzene ring and the central metal, 16 hydrogen atoms of the phthalocyanine benzene ring can be replaced by many atoms or groups, such as halogen, carboxyl, nitrocellulose, amino, sulfur cyano, sulfonic group, benzyl, aryloxy, phenyl, and so forth, thus formed a variety of functional uses of phthalocyanine derivatives, according to the position classification can be divided into alpha and beta, alpha substitution of them in 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25 on the introduction of substituent, beta substitutions introduce substituent at the 2, 3, 9, 10, 16, 17, 23, and 24 sites. The substituted group X coordinated on the central metal M is called axial ligand, and the axial substituted phthalocyanine is obtained.…”

“…[28,32] 2.2 | Preparation of EP/APbPc and curing conditions EP/APbPc mixtures of different proportions were prepared. According to the calculation of E51 epoxy value, the dosage of DCD was kept constant at 8 wt%, and an appropriate mass of APbPc monomer (5,10,15,20, or 25 wt%) of the total mass was added into E51 epoxy resin. The blends were vigorously stirred for next 30 min and transferred into steel molds having required test dimensions and vacuumed for 30 min.…”