Toward the Web of Industrial Things: A Publish-Subscribe Oriented Architecture for Data and Power Management

Bartoli, Claudio; Bonanni, Michele; Chiti, Francesco; Pierucci, Laura; Cidronali, Alessandro; Collodi, Giovanni; Maddio, Stefano

doi:10.3390/s22134882

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…More in detail, the WoT fosters a set of standard mechanisms and protocols for seamless communication and interaction between IoT devices and the Web, making them more accessible and interoperable [8]. This will thus simplify the creation of applications and services leveraging the integration of IoT-generated data with the Internet, providing a simple and user-friendly experience, and bridging the gap between the physical world of IoT devices and the digital world of the Web [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LoRa meets IP: a Container-based Architecture to Virtualize LoRaWAN End Nodes

Cilfone,

Davoli,

Ferrari

2024

IEEE Trans. on Mobile Comput.

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In this work, a container-based architecture for the integration of Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) end nodes-e.g., used to monitor industrial machines or mobile entities in specific environments-with Internet Protocol (IP)-based networks is proposed and its performance is investigated. To this end, we exploit the native service and resource discovery support of the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), as well as its light traffic requirements, owing to its use of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) rather than Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). This approach (i) adapts transparently (with no impact) to both private and public LoRaWAN networks, (ii) enables seamless interaction between LoRaWAN-based and CoAP-based nodes, through a logical "virtualization" of LoRaWAN nodes at server side, and (iii) enables routing among LoRaWAN end nodes, overcoming LoRaWAN's absence of inter-node communication and lack of compliance (at the end nodes' side) with IP. Two virtualization approaches are proposed: (i) virtualization of a single end node (represented as a CoAP server) per container and (ii) virtualization of multiple end nodes (as CoAP servers) per container. Finally, deployments of the proposed virtualization architectures, using both a laptop and an Internet of Things (IoT) device (e.g., a Raspberry Pi), are considered, highlighting how the best solution relies on the use of several containers, with more than one CoAP server per container.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LoRa meets IP: a Container-based Architecture to Virtualize LoRaWAN End Nodes

Cilfone,

Davoli,

Ferrari

2024

IEEE Trans. on Mobile Comput.

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“…In recent years, there has been a growing interest in exploiting the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigms in many contexts, such as the control of processes in assisted ambient intelligent [1], industrial environments [2], and environmental quality [3]. A major factor that has fostered the development of IoT on a large scale is the projected growth in distributed communications and computing technologies [4,5]. The application of these technologies has led to IoT technologies fulfilling some key requirements, including low energy consumption [6][7][8] and, possibly, the development of hardware nodes that feature small batteries (or that even operate without batteries).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Efficient Enhancement in a 5.8 GHz Batteryless Node Suitable for Backscattering Communications

et al. 2023

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This work presents a compact batteryless node architecture suitable with the backscattering communication (BackCom) approach. The key functional blocks are demonstrated at 5.8 GHz, making use of commercially available components involving a DC/DC step-up converter, a 3.3 V data generator, and an ASK backscattering modulator based on a single GaAs HEMT in a cold-FET configuration. The node integrates a patch antenna exhibiting a non-50 Ω optimal port impedance; the value is defined by means of a source pull-based optimization technique aimed at maximizing the DC/DC input current supplied by the RF to DC converter. This approach maximizes the node compactness, as well as the wireless power conversion efficiency. A prototype was optimized for the −5 dBm power level at the input of the RF to DC converter. Under this measurement condition, the experimental results showed a 63% increase in the harvesting current, rising from 145 to 237 μA, compared to an identical configuration that used a microstrip matching network coupled with a typical 50-Ω patch antenna. In terms of harvested power, the achieved improvement was from −13.2 dBm to −10.9 dBm. The conversion efficiency in an operative condition improved from 15% to more than 25%. In this condition, the node is capable of charging a 100 μF to the operative voltage in about 27 s, and operating the backscattering for 360 ms with a backscattering modulation frequency of about 10 MHz.

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“…This translates into a growing trend of the IoT to absorb many of the different concepts developed in the past. As a consequence, many of the paradigms developed in different contexts, such as smart cities [2], industrial automation [3], and home automation [4] were incorporated within the IoT world thank to its inclusive nature. Particularly, in both of the latter environments above, a very important role in joining the IoT vision is played by the integration of IP-referenced macrosensors based on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) [5] and including indoor localization [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Varactor-Tuned 5.8 GHz Dielectric Resonator Band-Stop Filter for ITS and C-V2X Coexistence with Vehicular DSRC

2023

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In this paper, we introduce an electronically tuneable band-stop filter based on a dielectric resonator, along with its design principles and equivalent circuit model aimed at the coexistence of intelligent transport systems (ITS) and cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communications operating at 5.9 GHz, with the widely spread vehicular dedicated short range communications (DSRC) at 5.8 GHz. The proposed architecture involves a dielectric resonator coupled via a microstrip transmission line to a planar ring resonator. The resonance is electronically tuned by varying the bias voltage of a varactor diode placed in the ring. This design is analyzed theoretically and experimentally. For validation, a filter operating at 5.8 GHz was designed. The prototype is capable of enhancing coexistence exhibiting to features. First, when inserted into the ITS transmitter chain, it reduces unwanted transmitter emissions in the out-of-band spectrum occupied by the DSRC carriers in the 5.8 GHz frequency band of at least 25 dB, with a minimal insertion loss at 5. 9 GHz of 1.6 dB; secondly, when inserted in the ITS receiver chain, it exhibits high linearity that prevents the generation of intermodulation products falling into the filter pass band. The prototype features more than 21 dBm of third-order input intercept points, and a tuning range of 26 MHz while maintaining a minimal loaded Q factor of 93. The prototype is discussed regarding the detailed equivalent circuit parameter extraction and their dependency upon the control voltage.

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Toward the Web of Industrial Things: A Publish-Subscribe Oriented Architecture for Data and Power Management

Cited by 4 publications

References 20 publications

LoRa meets IP: a Container-based Architecture to Virtualize LoRaWAN End Nodes

LoRa meets IP: a Container-based Architecture to Virtualize LoRaWAN End Nodes

Energy Efficient Enhancement in a 5.8 GHz Batteryless Node Suitable for Backscattering Communications

A New Varactor-Tuned 5.8 GHz Dielectric Resonator Band-Stop Filter for ITS and C-V2X Coexistence with Vehicular DSRC

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