Toward Ubiquitous Blood Pressure Monitoring via Pulse Transit Time: Theory and Practice

Mukkamala, Ramakrishna; Hahn, Jin‐Oh; Inan, Omer T.; Mestha, Lalit K.; Kim, Chang‐Sei; Töreyin, Hakan; Kyal, Survi

doi:10.1109/tbme.2015.2441951

Cited by 733 publications

(712 citation statements)

References 192 publications

(335 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, PTT can be measured simply as the relative timing between proximal and distal waveforms indicative of arterial pulsations. For these reasons, PTT is being widely investigated at present to achieve convenient, cuff-less BP monitoring (see recent reviews123). …”

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confidence: 99%

“…Most previous studies of BP measurement via PTT have used the time delay between an electrocardiography (ECG) waveform and an arterial waveform from an arm, especially a finger blood volume waveform via a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor, as a convenient surrogate of PTT1. However, these “conventional pulse arrival time (PAT)” measurements have two shortcomings.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…For example, PEP changes in the same direction as PTT during exercise4 but in the opposite direction of PTT during vasoconstriction5. Note that several studies of PAT have demonstrated good correlation with BP by employing only exercise-induced BP changes1. The second shortcoming is that the PTT component represents the time delay through mainly small arteries.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Weighing Scale-Based Pulse Transit Time is a Superior Marker of Blood Pressure than Conventional Pulse Arrival Time

Martin

Carek

Kim

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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113

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Pulse transit time (PTT) is being widely pursued for cuff-less blood pressure (BP) monitoring. Most efforts have employed the time delay between ECG and finger photoplethysmography (PPG) waveforms as a convenient surrogate of PTT. However, these conventional pulse arrival time (PAT) measurements include the pre-ejection period (PEP) and the time delay through small, muscular arteries and may thus be an unreliable marker of BP. We assessed a bathroom weighing scale-like system for convenient measurement of ballistocardiography and foot PPG waveforms – and thus PTT through larger, more elastic arteries – in terms of its ability to improve tracking of BP in individual subjects. We measured “scale PTT”, conventional PAT, and cuff BP in humans during interventions that increased BP but changed PEP and smooth muscle contraction differently. Scale PTT tracked the diastolic BP changes well, with correlation coefficient of −0.80 ± 0.02 (mean ± SE) and root-mean-squared-error of 7.6 ± 0.5 mmHg after a best-case calibration. Conventional PAT was significantly inferior in tracking these changes, with correlation coefficient of −0.60 ± 0.04 and root-mean-squared-error of 14.6 ± 1.5 mmHg (p < 0.05). Scale PTT also tracked the systolic BP changes better than conventional PAT but not to an acceptable level. With further development, scale PTT may permit reliable, convenient measurement of BP.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Weighing Scale-Based Pulse Transit Time is a Superior Marker of Blood Pressure than Conventional Pulse Arrival Time

Martin

Carek

Kim

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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113

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“…PTT is the time delay for the pressure wave to travel between two arterial sites [23]. In our study, to simplify the measurement of PTT, the time interval from the R-spike of the ECG to the arterial pulse wave recorded by a pressure sensor at the radial artery was calculated to approximate PTT (which is actually called pulse arrival time: PAT [23]).…”

Section: Ptt Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our study, to simplify the measurement of PTT, the time interval from the R-spike of the ECG to the arterial pulse wave recorded by a pressure sensor at the radial artery was calculated to approximate PTT (which is actually called pulse arrival time: PAT [23]). There are several methods to determine the arrival point of the pulse wave, such as the peak or valley point on the raw waveform.…”

Section: Ptt Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of slow and regular breathing exercise on cardiopulmonary coupling and blood pressure

Zhang

Wang²,

Wu³

et al. 2016

Med Biol Eng Comput

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Meanwhile, BP was reduced significantly by the SPB procedure (SBP: from 122.0 ± 13.4 to 114.2 ± 14.9 mmHg, p < 0.001, DBP: from 82.2 ± 8.6 to 77.0 ± 9.8 mmHg, p < 0.001, PTT: from 172.8 ± 20.1 to 176.8 ± 19.2 ms, p < 0.001). Our results demonstrate that the SPB procedure can reduce BP and lengthen PTT significantly. Compared with amplitude dynamics, phase dynamics is a different marker for CPC analysis in reflecting cardiorespiratory coherence during slow breathing exercise. Our study provides a methodology to practice slow breathing exercise, including the setting of target breathing rate, change of CPC and the importance of regular breathing. The applications and usability of the study results have also been discussed.

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Highly Sensitive and Wearable Liquid Metal‐Based Pressure Sensor for Health Monitoring Applications: Integration of a 3D‐Printed Microbump Array with the Microchannel

Kim

Choi

Jeong

et al. 2019

Adv Healthcare Materials

138

110

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Wearable pressure sensors capable of sensitive, precise, and continuous measurement of physiological and physical signals have great potential for the monitoring of health status and the early diagnosis of diseases. This work introduces a 3D‐printed rigid microbump‐integrated liquid metal‐based soft pressure sensor (3D‐BLiPS) for wearable and health‐monitoring applications. Using a 3D‐printed master mold based on multimaterial fused deposition modeling, the fabrication of a liquid metal microchannel and the integration of a rigid microbump array above the microchannel are achieved in a one‐step, direct process. The microbump array enhances the sensitivity of the pressure sensor (0.158 kPa−1) by locally concentrating the deformation of the microchannel with negligible hysteresis and a stable signal response under cyclic loading. The 3D‐BLiPS also demonstrates excellent robustness to 10 000 cycles of multidirectional stretching/bending, changes in temperature, and immersion in water. Finally, these characteristics are suitable for a wide range of applications in health monitoring systems, including a wristband for the continuous monitoring of the epidermal pulse rate for cuffless blood pressure estimation and a wireless wearable device for the monitoring of body pressure using a multiple pressure sensor array for the prevention of pressure ulcers.

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Toward Ubiquitous Blood Pressure Monitoring via Pulse Transit Time: Theory and Practice

Cited by 733 publications

References 192 publications

Weighing Scale-Based Pulse Transit Time is a Superior Marker of Blood Pressure than Conventional Pulse Arrival Time

Weighing Scale-Based Pulse Transit Time is a Superior Marker of Blood Pressure than Conventional Pulse Arrival Time

Effects of slow and regular breathing exercise on cardiopulmonary coupling and blood pressure

Highly Sensitive and Wearable Liquid Metal‐Based Pressure Sensor for Health Monitoring Applications: Integration of a 3D‐Printed Microbump Array with the Microchannel

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