Toward unbiased measurement of conscious and unconscious memory processes within the process dissociation framework.

Buchner, Axel; Erdfelder, Edgar; Vaterrodt-Plünnecke, Bianca

doi:10.1037//0096-3445.124.2.137

Cited by 108 publications

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“…This led to the establishment of an extended model with a calculation process different from that of Jacoby's original model. 21 Using this extended model, Hadzidiakos et al 22 re-analysed data from previous studies 13 , 24 , 25 to re-evaluate the occurrence of explicit and implicit memories. Although these studies had reported evidence of implicit memory function during surgery using the original model, the re-analysis using the extended model showed no such evidence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both explicit and implicit memories were estimated by an investigator who did not conduct the word stem completion test using the original 10 and extended 21 models as previously proposed. The PDP for calculating the probability of the occurrence of explicit and implicit memories using the word stem completion test results depend on the measurement model.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of explicit and implicit memories during remimazolam anaesthesia using the process dissociation procedure

Kim,

Bang,

Choi

et al. 2023

European Journal of Anaesthesiology

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BACKGROUND Memory formation during remimazolam anaesthesia, where a bispectral index (BIS) is sometimes not maintained at less than 60 despite the maximal dose, is worthy of evaluation. OBJECTIVE Investigate the formation of explicit and implicit memories using the process dissociation procedure during remimazolam anaesthesia at a BIS of 60 to 80. DESIGN A prospective cohort study. SETTING A tertiary medical centre in Seoul, South Korea, between March 2022 and July 2022. PATIENTS One hundred patients undergoing general anaesthesia using remimazolam. INTERVENTIONS The BIS was maintained at 60 to 80 during anaesthesia induction with remimazolam. Words were spoken to patients via headphones for 15 min. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The primary outcome was the probability of explicit or implicit memory formation as calculated using the original and extended models, within 24 h after word presentation. Conscious recall memory was assessed using a short-structured interview within 1 and 24 h after surgery. Memory formation was inferred to be absent if 0 was included in the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the probability. RESULTS The main results showed no evidence of explicit or implicit memory. The 95% CI of the probability of explicit memory formation included 0 for both models, –0.01 (–0.04 to 0.02) and –0.04 (–0.10 to 0.01), respectively. The 95% CI of the probability of implicit memory formation did not include 0 when evaluated using the original model, 0.08 (0.06 to 0.10), but included 0 when evaluated using the extended model, 0.00 (–0.03 to 0.03). The modified Brice interview revealed no evidence of awareness. CONCLUSIONS There was no evidence of explicit or implicit memory formation during remimazolam anaesthesia (BIS 60 to 80). Further research is warranted to establish whether explicit and implicit memories are still absent even in the presence of surgical stimulation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION KCT0006752 (http://cris.nih.go.kr)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of explicit and implicit memories during remimazolam anaesthesia using the process dissociation procedure

Kim,

Bang,

Choi

et al. 2023

European Journal of Anaesthesiology

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Modeling Unconscious Gender Bias in Fame Judgments: Finding the Proper Branch of the Correct (Multinomial) Tree

Draine

Greenwald

Banaji

1996

Consciousness and Cognition

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Abstract. In the preceding article, Buchner and Wippich used a guessing-corrected, multinomial process-dissociation analysis to test whether a gender bias in fame judgments reported by Banaji and Greenwald (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1995, 68, 181-198) was unconscious. Buchner and Wippich concluded that the gender-bias effect was not unconscious on the basis of finding no difference in model-estimated familiarity between previously presented nonfamous male and female names. This conclusion is questioned by noting that (a) the gender difference in familiarity that Buchner and Wippich modeled was different from the critical gender difference in criterion for fame judgments reported by Banaji and Greenwald, (b) the assumptions of Buchner and Wippich s multinomial model exclude processes that are plausibly involved in the fame judgment task, and (c) constructs of Buchner and Wippich s that correspond most closely to Banaji and Greenwald s gender-bias interpretation are formulated so as to preclude modeling that interpretation. Banaji and Greenwald (1995; BG, hereafter) used the false fame effect (Jacoby, Kelley, Brown, and Jasechko, 1989) to examine an implicit, and possibly unconscious, stereotype that associates male (more than female) gender with fame-deserving achievement. In BG s four experiments subjects were asked, in the first of two sessions, to judge the pronounceability of each of a list of male and female names, half famous and half not. One or two days later, subjects were asked to judge the fame of names on a larger similarly composed list, including both the old names (i.e., those seen in the previous session), and new ones. BG performed a signal detection analysis on the fame judgments, examing whether name gender affected sensitivity to fame (measured by dN) or the criterion for fame judgments (measured by log $). Consistently in all four of BG s experiments, subjects used a lower (more liberal) criterion of fame for judging old male (than female) names. The findings showed that subjects were more likely to attribute their sense of familiarity with old names to fame when the name was male rather than female.Because BG s gender difference in fame judgments occurred only when names had presumably been given a boost in familiarity by an unremembered prior presentation, BG suggested that it reflected an unconsciously operating, or implicit, stereotype. The implicitcognition interpretation was also supported by subjects self-reported post-experimental unawareness of a relation betwen name gender and their judgments, and by the lack of correlation of individual differences in criterion difference between male and female familiarized

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Can We Resolve Contradictions between Process Dissociation Models?

Cowan

1996

Consciousness and Cognition

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Toward unbiased measurement of conscious and unconscious memory processes within the process dissociation framework.

Cited by 108 publications

References 0 publications

Assessment of explicit and implicit memories during remimazolam anaesthesia using the process dissociation procedure

Assessment of explicit and implicit memories during remimazolam anaesthesia using the process dissociation procedure

Modeling Unconscious Gender Bias in Fame Judgments: Finding the Proper Branch of the Correct (Multinomial) Tree

Can We Resolve Contradictions between Process Dissociation Models?

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