Towards a business model for second-life batteries: Barriers, opportunities, uncertainties, and technologies

Júnior, Carlos Antônio Rufino; Sanseverino, Eleonora Riva; Gallo, Pierluigi; Koch, Daniel; Kotak, Yash; Schweiger, Hans−Georg

doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2022.12.019

Cited by 44 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…However, business models that offer batteries as a service are still not widely adopted by customers for various reasons, including a lack of promotion, a battery swapping platform, and a battery analytics platform [31,41]. Companies will choose a traditional or service-based business model according to each country's legislation, strategies, and customer acceptance criteria [34].…”

Section: Legislationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Policies that encourage the reuse of batteries are essential to reduce the uncertainties in this market and may occur through federal and state tax credits, discounts, and other financial support. Therefore, the legislation impacts the construction of business models, and each aspect is essential when considering the technical and ecological feasibility of the second use, reuse, and recycling of batteries [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reviewing Regulations and Standards for Second-Life Batteries

Júnior¹,

Sanseverino²,

Gallo³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The transportation sector significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, thus imposing sig-nificant environmental hazards. In response, many nations have begun promoting Electric Vehicles (EVs) as an ecologically sustainable substitute for traditional combustion vehicles. Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs), characterized by their high energy density, extended lifespan, and relatively low self-discharge rate, have become the suitable energy storage system for EVs, advancing the field of sustainable transportation. The decreasing cost of LIB production has primarily driven this progression, realized through a combination of economies of scale, advancements in electrode materials and cell design, and re-finements in manufacturing processes. All these elements collectively contribute to the cost reduc-tion of LIBs. A foreseeable implication of this trend is an expected surge in LIBs that will exhaust their operational lifespan and, consequently, be cast away into the environment. One mitigating strategy for this impending environmental issue involves collecting these spent EV batteries, re-configuring them, and repurposing them for applications with less rigorous weight, performance, and size prerequisites. This approach would not only prolong the utility life of the batteries but also ameliorate their environmental impacts. Nevertheless, second-life batteries are anticipated to exhibit a higher rate of gas evolution, necessitating comprehensive testing and readjustments to ensure safe operation in secondary ap-plications. The regulatory framework encompassing the second-life battery sector still needs to be defined regarding norms, technical standards, and legislation. This paper aims to elucidate the primary regulations and technical standards proposed thus far in the second-life battery marketplace. The results underscore the exigency for neutral evaluative entities, such as universities, research centers, and governmental institutions, to perform an unbi-ased assessment of the second-life battery market. This would pave the way for novel technical standards and legislative measures specifically tailored to this emerging sector.

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Section: Legislationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing Regulations and Standards for Second-Life Batteries

Júnior¹,

Sanseverino²,

Gallo³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…[18] Among them, layered transition metal oxides (LTMOs) are one of the most commercially promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries because of their periodic layered structure, simple preparation method, as well as high specific capacity and voltage. [19] LTMOs are the earliest studied class of embedded compounds, with the structural formula Na x MO 2 (M is mainly one or more of the transition metal elements). [20] Due to the large radius difference between sodium ions (1.02 Å) and transition metal ions, sodium ions are easier to separate from the transition metal ions to form a layered structure at high temperatures, which makes the stacking mode of Na-ion LTMOs diversified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At present, the cathode materials for SIBs mainly include the transition metal oxides, [9–11] polyanions, [12–14] Prussian blue [15–17] and organics [18] . Among them, layered transition metal oxides (LTMOs) are one of the most commercially promising cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries because of their periodic layered structure, simple preparation method, as well as high specific capacity and voltage [19] . LTMOs are the earliest studied class of embedded compounds, with the structural formula Na x MO 2 (M is mainly one or more of the transition metal elements) [20] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Degradation Mechanisms and Recent Achievements for Na‐Ion Layered Transition Metal Oxides

Feng,

Fang,

et al. 2024

Batteries & Supercaps

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Due to the low price and high specific capacity, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have become a crucial candidate for the future large‐scale energy storage power station, providing strong support for energy transition. Layered transition metal oxides (LTMOs), as one of the most promising cathode materials for SIBs, are usually accompanied by the sodiation/de‐sodiation during charging/discharging, which leads to the slippage and deformation of the layered structure, and consequently causes to the degradation of electrochemical performance. The degradation mechanisms of LTMOs attributed to the structural change are important references for improving the electrochemical performance of cathode materials. Here, this paper presents the main degradation mechanisms such as irreversible anion redox reaction, Na+/vacancy ordering transition and poor air stability as well as the corresponding modification means. It also summarizes the challenges faced by sodium‐ion LTMOs cathode materials, and gives an outlook on the key issues that need to be solved for future development.

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“…Understanding battery degradation mechanisms is essential for optimizing battery models that will be used in embedded systems responsible for battery control and monitoring. These systems can extend battery life and, consequently, enable the market for second-life batteries [13]. From the research perspective, it is possible to identify the factors that accelerate the batteries' degradation, predict the moment that the battery will fail, identify new viable applications for the batteries, and identify possible battery defects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of EV Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation

Júnior¹,

Sanseverino²,

Gallo³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Lithium-ion batteries with improved energy densities have made understanding the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) generation mechanisms that cause mechanical, thermal, and chemical failures more complicated. SEI processes reduce battery capacity and power. Thus, a review of this area's understanding is important. It is essential to know how batteries degrade in EVs to estimate battery lifespan as it goes, predict, and minimize losses, and determine the ideal time for a replacement. Lithium-ion batteries used in EVs mainly suffer two types of degradation: calendar degradation and cycling degradation. Despite the existence of several existing works in the literature, several aspects of battery degradation remain unclear or have not been analyzed in detail. This work presents a systematic review of existing works in the literature. The results of the present investigation provide insight into the complex relationships among various factors affecting battery degradation mechanisms. Specifically, this systematic review examined the effects of time, side reactions, temperature fluctuations, high charge/discharge rates, depth of discharge, mechanical stress, thermal stress, and the voltage relationship on battery performance and longevity. The results revealed that these factors interact in complex ways to influence the degradation mechanisms of batteries. For example, high charge currents and deep discharges were found to accelerate degradation, while low temperatures and moderate discharge depths were shown to be beneficial for battery longevity. Additionally, the results showed that the relationship between cell voltage and State-of-Charge (SOC) plays a critical role in determining the rate of degradation. Overall, these findings have important implications for the design and operation of battery systems, as they highlight the need to carefully manage a range of factors to maximize battery performance and longevity. The result is an analysis of the main articles published in this field in recent years. This work aims to present new knowledge about fault detection, diagnosis, and management of lithium-ion batteries based on battery degradation concepts. The new knowledge is presented and discussed in a structured and comprehensive way.

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Towards a business model for second-life batteries: Barriers, opportunities, uncertainties, and technologies

Cited by 44 publications

References 69 publications

Reviewing Regulations and Standards for Second-Life Batteries

Reviewing Regulations and Standards for Second-Life Batteries

A Review of Degradation Mechanisms and Recent Achievements for Na‐Ion Layered Transition Metal Oxides

A Comprehensive Review of EV Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation

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