Towards a circular economy for PET bottle resin using a system dynamics inspired material flow model

Ghosh, Tapajyoti; Avery, Greg; Bhatt, Arpit; Uekert, Taylor; Walzberg, Julien; Carpenter, Alberta

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135208

Cited by 26 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…276,277 These two features of acid hydrolysis have intrigued recent studies to focus on design of acid catalysts with more activities than conventional acids such as mineral acids to depolymerize PET at higher rates. 242,278 More importantly, the target has been to propose acid catalysts that may be recovered after the hydrolysis and can be reused to better the sustainability perspective on recycling of PET. 279,280 The featured studies on acid hydrolysis of PET are summarized in Table 3.…”

Section: Pet Acid Hydrolysis: Recent Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the discussed hydrolysis types, that is, neutral, alkaline, and acid, acid hydrolysis is the one that its operational costs are less than neutral hydrolysis as well as the acid catalyst will not consume during the hydrolysis despite the alkaline catalyst 276,277 . These two features of acid hydrolysis have intrigued recent studies to focus on design of acid catalysts with more activities than conventional acids such as mineral acids to depolymerize PET at higher rates 242,278 . More importantly, the target has been to propose acid catalysts that may be recovered after the hydrolysis and can be reused to better the sustainability perspective on recycling of PET 279,280 .…”

Section: Hydrolysis: Pet Depolymerization Technique Without Applying ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A focused review on recycling and hydrolysis techniques of polyethylene terephthalate

Abedsoltan

2023

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is used in textile and packaging industries. The main source of PET production is fossil fuels with limited capacity. Also, PET products are single use that transform into high volumes of wastes, causing ecosystem problems. Recycling is proposed to confront this challenge. The four major PET recycling techniques are mechanical, chemical, pyrolysis, and enzymatic. Mechanical, pyrolysis, and enzymatic techniques have constrained capabilities to manage PET waste. Chemical recycling is the potential path to expanding recycling PET waste with possibility of upcycling and addressing dirty waste streams. Several chemical methods are introduced and discussed in literature. The five major chemical recycling techniques are glycolysis, alcoholysis, aminolysis, ammonolysis, and hydrolysis. This review describes PET depolymerization via these techniques and introduces hydrolysis as the one that can depolymerize PET in an organic‐free solvent environment. Hydrolysis tolerates PET mixed wastes streams including copolymers. It helps avoid challenges attributed to using organic solvents in reaction systems. Moreover, hydrolysis produces terephthalic acid, PET monomer, which has recently gained attention as the initiative monomer for PET production. The review focuses on three forms of hydrolysis—alkaline, neutral, and acid, by presenting background studies, issued patents, and recent trends on application of hydrolysis.

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Section: Pet Acid Hydrolysis: Recent Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hydrolysis: Pet Depolymerization Technique Without Applying ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A focused review on recycling and hydrolysis techniques of polyethylene terephthalate

Abedsoltan

2023

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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“…Most organic aerogels adhere to a linear economic model, where products are discarded after their end-of-life without recycling their precursors. 32–34 In this regard, Yan and coworkers 35 reported a dynamic aldimine condensation chemistry to give a new generation of aerogels that display closed-loop recyclability. This finding opens up avenues for design of advanced polymer aerogels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical recycling of post-consumer PET into high-performance polymer aerogels

Liu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

J. Mater. Chem. A

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“…Uekert et al analyzed technical, economic, and environmental metrics for closed-loop polymer recycling technologies through a multicriteria decision analysis, which is a systematic technique for evaluating and ranking options across priorities that can enable visualization of different recycling options’ overarching performance. Ghosh et al developed a versatile tool that can simulate material flows of plastic resins and products through the economy, and they linked this to the assessment of a variety of sustainability metrics, circularity metrics, and techno-economic parameters. Various other studies − have proposed individual indicators that reflect quality of recycling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operational Framework to Quantify “Quality of Recycling” across Different Material Types

Roosen,

Tonini,

Albizzati

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Many pledges and laws are setting recycling targets without clearly defining quality of recycling. Striving to close this gap, this study presents an operational framework to quantify quality of recycling. The framework comprises three dimensions: the Virgin Displacement Potential (VDP); In-Use Stocks Lifetime (IUSL); and Environmental Impact (EI). The VDP indicates to what extent a secondary material can be used as a substitute for virgin material; the IUSL indicates how much of a certain material is still functional in society over a given time frame, and the EI is a measure of the environmental impact of a recycling process. The three dimensions are aggregated by plotting them in a distance-to-target graph. Two example calculations are included on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and glass. The results indicate that the recycling of bottle and container glass collected via a deposit–refund system has the lowest distance-to-target, at 1.05, and, thus, the highest quality of recycling. For PET bottles, the highest quality of recycling is achieved in closed-loop mechanical recycling of bottles (distance to optimal quality of 0.96). Furthermore, sensitivity analysis indicates that certain parameters, e.g., the collection rate for PET bottles, can reduce the distance-to-target to 0.75 when all bottles are collected for recycling.

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Towards a circular economy for PET bottle resin using a system dynamics inspired material flow model

Cited by 26 publications

References 32 publications

A focused review on recycling and hydrolysis techniques of polyethylene terephthalate

A focused review on recycling and hydrolysis techniques of polyethylene terephthalate

Chemical recycling of post-consumer PET into high-performance polymer aerogels

Operational Framework to Quantify “Quality of Recycling” across Different Material Types

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