In
this work, the self-consistent charge density functional tight-binding
(SCC-DFTB) approach has been implemented into a recently developed
two-dimensional periodic quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM)
molecular dynamics (MD) framework focused on the treatment of solid-state
surfaces. Although the QM/MM interface is located inside the solid
structure, the combination of partial charge embedding in conjunction
with newly developed QM/MM coupling potentials provides a seamless
integration of the QM system without the need of additional distance
or position restraints. Because the latter are known to result in
dynamics violating the conservation of the linear momentum, the outlined
DFTB/MM approach can be applied in MD studies without the negative
influence of restraints, while the inclusion of several layers of
the solid treated at the MM level provides an adequate representation
of the bulk solid. The novel implementation is applied to an exemplary
study of the R-TiO2 (001) interface in contact with an
entire solvation layer of H2O and NH3 molecules.
Because of the substantially reduced computational demand of the DFTB
method compared to standard density functional theory (DFT), a total
simulation time of 1 ns could be achieved, providing detailed insight
into the protonation of the R-TiO2 surface. The possibility
of atomic simulations to investigate the properties of individual
atoms and molecules is exploited to investigate the protonation states
of the individual OSurf atoms and to decompose the vibrational
power spectrum into contributions arising from surface OH groups,
OH/NH2 groups formed via deprotonation of solvent molecules,
as well as H2O and NH3 molecules bound to the
R-TiO2 surface. Comparison of the associated structural
and vibrational properties with results obtained via short-time DFT/MM
MD simulations and data reported in the literature show that the outlined
DFTB/MM MD strategy provides an adequate description of the investigated
systems.