2011
DOI: 10.1007/s10111-011-0191-6
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Towards a dynamic balance between humans and automation: authority, ability, responsibility and control in shared and cooperative control situations

Abstract: Progress enables the creation of more automated and intelligent machines with increasing abilities that open up new roles between humans and machines. Only with a proper design for the resulting cooperative human-machine systems, these advances will make our lives easier, safer and enjoyable rather than harder and miserable. Starting from examples of natural cooperative systems, the paper investigates four cornerstone concepts for the design of such systems: ability, authority, control and responsibility, as w… Show more

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Cited by 268 publications
(148 citation statements)
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“…Now, if the driver input u D is perfectly known to the automation and the model (11) has no model error, λ * can be immediately recovered from (11) by nonlinear optimization. This premise is however unrealistic and we have to assume a certain level of uncertainty in the observed u D .…”
Section: A Authority Intention Estimationmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Now, if the driver input u D is perfectly known to the automation and the model (11) has no model error, λ * can be immediately recovered from (11) by nonlinear optimization. This premise is however unrealistic and we have to assume a certain level of uncertainty in the observed u D .…”
Section: A Authority Intention Estimationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To select an appropriate method to estimate λ * from (14), we have to consider that: 1) the measurement function h x(k), r D (k), w A (k), λ * is highly nonlinear according to (11)- (13); (2) λ * is time-varing and the variation is quite unpredictable. For such nonlinear estimation problems, blockwise methods (such as nonlinear least-squares regression) generally outperform recursive methods (such as extended Kalman filter) at the cost of a higher computational load [24].…”
Section: A Authority Intention Estimationmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Based on existing research (Engström & Hollnagel, 2007;Flemisch et al, 2012;Hollnagel, 2011), four base principles to overcome OOTL problems are distinguished:…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While the ultimate authority is still at the driver, the interface should then serve as a means for cooperating and sharing the authority (Young et al, 2007). Attuning the cooperation might also be a dynamic process that could change over time (Flemisch et al, 2012). Other researchers have proposed similar ideas, like Norman (1990) who reflects on automation acting as a human co-driver and Schutte (1999) refers to the roles of driver and automation as 'complemation'.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%