Towards a generic approach to durability: Factors affecting chloride transport in binary and ternary cementitious materials

Influence of Calcined Clay Reactivity on the Mechanical Properties and Chloride Diffusion Resistance of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) Concrete

“…LC3-F and LC3-R apparent diffusion coefficients were only 8.18 × 10 −12 m 2 /s and 7.97 × 10 −12 m 2 /s respectively. Sui et al [30] revealed that LC3 mortar obtained the lowest apparent chloride diffusion coefficient among different binary and ternary cementitious materials. Although the bulk diffusion test was criticised due to the oversimplified mathematical expressions of Fick's second law of diffusion and non-steady-state chloride diffusion [55,56], it has been widely used as an indicator to predict the service life of concrete structure in chloride environment [57].…”

“…The better performance of LC3-based materials was predominantly attributed by the refined pore structure rather than the chloride binding capacity in different pastes and mortars. However, after examining the relationship between different microstructural parameters, Sui et al [30] suggested that the chloride binding was a more important parameter than pore structure, contributing to the reduction in apparent chloride diffusion coefficients. Moreover, the presence of limestone in calcined clay samples enhance the chloride resistance whilst it showed little effect on slag and fly ash samples [30].…”

“…However, after examining the relationship between different microstructural parameters, Sui et al [30] suggested that the chloride binding was a more important parameter than pore structure, contributing to the reduction in apparent chloride diffusion coefficients. Moreover, the presence of limestone in calcined clay samples enhance the chloride resistance whilst it showed little effect on slag and fly ash samples [30]. A decrease of alkalis content in pore solution led to a decrease of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient.…”

“…Subsequently, different properties of LC3-based materials were investigated to accelerate the adoption by the construction industry [16,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. The durability properties of mortars and concretes containing calcined clay and limestone in chloride environments were investigated in previous studies [28][29][30][31][32]. It is widely acknowledged that LC3 can improve the resistance of concrete against chloride penetration in comparison with Portland cement concrete.…”

More sustainable constructions using limestone calcined clay cement (LC³)

“…Fig3 shows the chloride penetration after 6 months ponding in 3wt%. NaCl solution for Portland cement and a range of binary and ternary cement based on calcined clay, limestone and slag and fly ash [14]. The LC 3 system shows by far the lowest penetration, despite having only 50% clinker content.…”