Towards a Global Consensus against Corruption

Corruption in International Law: Illusions of a Grotian Moment

“…A possible explanation is the end of the Cold War, prompting states to reverse their stance on supporting kleptocratic regimes in the absence of East-West confrontations and opening space for international collaboration.21 Another factor was the spread of democracy and economic globalisation-including the proliferation of transnational corporations and a rise in globalised corruption scandals, with emerging theories on the detriments of corruption on the open market system and on democratic institutions, especially emanating from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. 22 This was also accompanied by a shift in global norms viewing corruption as a major cause for poverty in developing nations23 and for insecurity as a negative externality of conflict in failed or weak states.24 Specifically, Alexander Cooley and Jason Sharman find that 'what was new in the 1990s was seeing corruption as an international governance problem, rather than just a domestic matter amendable to local criminal investigative and regulatory solutions. '25 This observable shift in global norms on corruption in the 1990s 'was essential to the success of the anticorruption movement' and a critical catalyst driving what Abbott and Snidal described as the 'surprising rapidity' of the international legalisation process of anticorruption mechanisms.26 Indeed, it was this change in normative values that allowed for the re-introduction of the debate on corruption in international fora and accounted for the success in the 'third' wave after the failures endured in the decades before.…”

“…Part of the complex litigation led to three concurrent arbitrations: between Halliburton and Chubb; Transocean v Chubb; and Transocean v a third-party insurer. Kenneth Rokison qc was appointed in all three; a fact he initially failed to inform all parties of and eventually culminated in Halliburton requesting the High Court to remove him from Halliburton v Chubb under s. 24 corruption in international law Grotiana 43 (2022) 55-86 icc, as well as lmaa, ica, lcia, CIArb and other fora, and concluded that while an arbitrator accepting, and not disclosing, appointments in multiple arbitrations with identical or overlapping subject matter can give rise to an appearance of bias, on balance a fair-minded and informed observer would not have inferred that a real possibility of unconscious bias existed in this case, rejecting Halliburton's appeal in November 2020. Numerous commentators have described uksc's reasoning as confused and lacunose, failing to fully grasp unconscious bias, the risk of contaminating the arbitrator's impartiality due to 'inside information' and informational asymmetries as the three proceedings unfold, the inevitable (even if unconscious) bias in favour of one's paymaster, the parties' and the public's perception created by Rokison's arguable breach of his duty to disclose.…”

Кримінально-Правова Модель Протидії Незаконному Збагаченню В Україні

“…Водночас серед зарубіжних вчених цією проблематикою займалися Б. Вагнер [9], Т. Бергер [10], Дж. Болз [2], C. Бікеліс [11], Л. Джейкобс [9], Д. Дінанті [12], Р. Жюлєн [13], В. Кідан [14], М. Лохаус [15], Дж. Макміллан [16], М. Матіас [10], М. Моралес [10], Л. Музіла [10], Х. Нугрохо [17], Т. Снадер [14], У. Уодедж [18], С. Хоггард [19] За таких обставин можна погодитися з вченими, які роблять висновок, що покладання тягаря дока-___________________ 4 Д. Дінанті та Д. Д. Я. Таріна стверджують, що одним із зусиль, спрямованих на ефективне викорінення корупції є застосування зворотного тягаря доказування [12].…”

تـوقـعـات الكـفـاءة الذاتـيّـة "لبنــــاء النظري والقياس"

“…(Bandura, 1986(Bandura, , 1988Jerusalem, 1990 ;Schwarzer, 1990bSchwarzer, , 1992aSchwarzer, ,b,c, 1993aSchwarzer, , 1993b (Schwarzer,1993a(Schwarzer, , 1994 Jerusalem, 1989;Jerusalem, 1990) . 1993;Schwarzer, 1990aSchwarzer, ,1990bSchwarzer, , 1992aSchwarzer, , 1992bSchwarzer, , 1992) . (Schwarzer, 1992a(Schwarzer, , 1993a(Schwarzer, , 1993b Schwarzer, 1990b, 1992a,1993a, 1993b, Jerusalem, 1990 .…”