Towards a historization of aposematism

Härlin, Carina; Härlin, Mikael

doi:10.1023/a:1023047930360

Cited by 53 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…To fully understand warning signals and their diversity it is necessary to develop a historical framework in which to gain perspective on their evolution (Härlin & Härlin 2003). Developing such a framework requires the understanding of how phenotypes are distributed across geographic space and melding that knowledge with a phylogenetic hypothesis.…”

Section: Phylogeography Of the Wood Tiger Moth And Geographic Variatimentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of geographic differentiation in the forewing warning signal of the wood tiger moth in Alaska

Hegna

Mappes

2014

Evol Ecol

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Geographic Variation in the WarningSignals of the Wood Tiger Moth (Parasemia plantaginis; Arctiidae)Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston matemaattis-luonnontieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston Ylistönrinteellä, salissa YAA303 marraskuun 8. päivänä 2013 kello 12.Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, Warning signals are not expected to be diverse because they are under stabilizing selection. This dissertation aims to study historic and contemporary selection mechanisms underlying the geographic warning signal diversity in the wood tiger moth (Parasemia plantaginis). In the first study, I explored the variation in hindwing warning color frequencies across the distribution of P. plantaginis and the phylogeography of the species. Males have polymorphic hindwing color (yellow or white) across much of their distribution but turn reddish in the Caucasus and mostly white in Japan, which coincide with mitogenetic divergence. Females vary continuously in hindwing warning color between yellow and red, becoming yellow east of the Ural mountain range, but does not correspond to mitogenetic divergence. Post-glacial isolation may be one contributing factor to the genetic divergence and the hindwing warning signal differences in the Caucasus region. In the second study, I found that thermoregulation benefits of melanin can trade-off with a larger more effective warning signal, which contributes to variation in melanization within Europe. In the third study, I found that forewing patterns function as warning signals and that generalization by predators might play an important role in warning signal diversity along with frequency dependent selection. In the fourth chapter, I found three populations in Japan differing in warning signal traits with some gene flow suggesting both selection and isolation may be underlying causes. Overall, my results suggest that historical and abiotic factors contribute to the observed warning signal diversity in P. plantaginis, rather than predation alone. This adds to our understanding of how historical factors along with environmental heterogeneity in biotic and abiotic factors can promote warning signal diversity. My results highlight the need to take an integrated approach to studying geographic diversity in warning signals.

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Section: Phylogeography Of the Wood Tiger Moth And Geographic Variatimentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of geographic differentiation in the forewing warning signal of the wood tiger moth in Alaska

Hegna

Mappes

2014

Evol Ecol

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“…In contrast, a phylogenetic perspective can provide evidence for the likelihood of historical patterns of trait evolution (e.g., does toxicity always evolve before conspicuousness? ), but this approach has rarely been examined (4,8,9).…”

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“…Well supported and well sampled phylogenies are fundamental for comparative biology, and reliable inferences should likely be derived from them (8,10). Ancestral character states, and their order of appearance (i.e., character mapping), can be mistakenly reconstructed if taxon sampling is not comprehensive (11).…”

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“…Ancestral character states, and their order of appearance (i.e., character mapping), can be mistakenly reconstructed if taxon sampling is not comprehensive (11). Although most analyses of aposematism perform tests for predator deterrence based on hypotheses of current utility only, aposematism can be defined within a historical context as the consecutive or prior occurrence of unpalatability, relative to conspicuousness (8). The addition of a phylogenetic framework in these tests would facilitate the identification of the sequences of evolutionary transformations in these traits.…”

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Multiple, recurring origins of aposematism and diet specialization in poison frogs

Santos

Coloma

Cannatella

2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

274

286

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Aposematism is the association, in a prey organism, of the presence of a warning signal with unprofitability to predators. The origin of aposematism is puzzling, because of its predicted low probability of establishment in a population due to the prey's increased conspicuousness. Aposematism is a widespread trait in invertebrate taxa, but, in vertebrates, it is mostly evident in amphibians, reptiles, and fishes. Poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) are one of the most well known examples of the co-occurrence of warning coloration and toxicity. This monophyletic group of mostly diurnal leaf-litter Neotropical anurans has both toxic͞colorful and palatable͞cryptic species. Previous studies suggested a single origin of toxicity and warning coloration, dividing the family in two discrete groups of primitively cryptic and more derived aposematic frogs. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses using mostly aposematic taxa supported this conclusion and proposed a single tandem origin of toxicity and conspicuous warning coloration. By using expanded taxon and character sampling, we reexamined the phylogenetic correlation between the origins of toxicity and warning coloration. At least four or five independent origins of aposematism have occurred within poison frogs; by using simulations, we rejected hypotheses of one, two, or three origins of aposematism (P < 0.002). We also found that diet specialization is linked with the evolution of aposematism. Specialization on prey, such as ants and termites, may have evolved independently at least two times.

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“…Testing this prediction requires information on the evolutionary relationships of the species involved. Few studies have concomitantly analyzed the historical trajectories of both coloration and toxicity, thereby identifying the evolutionary sequence and association of both traits (3). In this issue of PNAS, Santos et al (4) use phylogenetic analysis to investigate the evolution of coloration and toxicity in poison frogs of the family Dendrobatidae.…”

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confidence: 99%

Convergent evolution of bright coloration and toxicity in frogs

Summers

2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Towards a historization of aposematism

Cited by 53 publications

References 42 publications

Influences of geographic differentiation in the forewing warning signal of the wood tiger moth in Alaska

Influences of geographic differentiation in the forewing warning signal of the wood tiger moth in Alaska

Multiple, recurring origins of aposematism and diet specialization in poison frogs

Convergent evolution of bright coloration and toxicity in frogs

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