Towards a low-carbon society: A review of lithium resource availability, challenges and innovations in mining, extraction and recycling, and future perspectives

Tabelin, Carlito Baltazar; Dallas, Jessica; Casanova, Sophia; Pelech, Timothy M.; Bournival, Ghislain; Saydam, Serkan; Canbulat, Ismet

doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106743

Cited by 274 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 217 publications

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“…Large-scale mining operations employing state-of-the-art Au hydrometallurgical techniques and following strict environmental and waste management protocols are the norm worldwide (Tabelin et al, 2021), but small-scale gold mining (ASGM) operations remain commonplace especially in low-and middle-income countries. In 2011, for example, Vel asquez-L opez et al (2011) estimated about 15 million active ASGM operations in over 70 countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of coal fly ash and palm oil fuel ash modified artisanal and small-scale gold mine (ASGM) tailings based geopolymer using sugar mill lime sludge as Ca-based activator

Opiso

Tabelin

Maestre

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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The continuous accumulation of artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) tailings in the Philippines without adequate storage and disposal facility could lead to human health and environmental disasters in the long run. In this study, ASGM tailings was simultaneously stabilized and repurposed as construction material via geopolymerization using coal fly ash, palm oil fuel ash and a powder-based alkali activator. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) identified iron sulfides in the tailings containing arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn), which could be released via weathering. The average unconfined compressive strengths (UCS) of tailings-based geopolymers at 14 days curing were 7.58 MPa and 7.7 MPa with fly ash and palm oil fuel ash, respectively. The tailings-based geopolymers with palm oil fuel ash had higher UCS most likely due to CASH reaction product formation that improved strength formation. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results showed very low leachabilities of As, Pb and Fe in the geopolymer materials suggesting ASGM tailings was effectively encapsulated within the geopolymer matrix. Overall, the geopolymerization of ASGM tailings is a viable and promising solution to simultaneously stabilize mining and industrial wastes and repurpose them into construction materials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of coal fly ash and palm oil fuel ash modified artisanal and small-scale gold mine (ASGM) tailings based geopolymer using sugar mill lime sludge as Ca-based activator

Opiso

Tabelin

Maestre

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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“…These batteries have been used in electric and hybrid vehicles due to the high energy density, non-memory effect, low self-discharge rate, long lifespan, and lightweight equipment than other types of batteries [15]. As a result, the production of electric vehicles is increasing to decline the global CO 2 emission (the main greenhouse gas) and also to achieve the principal international agreements (Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, and UN Sustainable Development Goals) [17].…”

Section: Li-ion Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cobalt Recovery from Li-Ion Battery Recycling: A Critical Review

Botelho

Stopić

Friedrich

et al. 2021

Metals

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The increasing demand for Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles sheds light upon the Co supply chain. The metal is crucial to the cathode of these batteries, and the leading global producer is the D.R. Congo (70%). For this reason, it is considered critical/strategic due to the risk of interruption of supply in the short and medium term. Due to the increasing consumption for the transportation market, the batteries might be considered a secondary source of Co. The outstanding amount of spent batteries makes them to a core of urban mining warranting special attention. Greener technologies for Co recovery are necessary to achieve sustainable development. As a result of these sourcing challenges, this study is devoted to reviewing the techniques for Co recovery, such as acid leaching (inorganic and organic), separation (solvent extraction, ion exchange resins, and precipitation), and emerging technologies—ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvent, supercritical fluids, nanotechnology, and biohydrometallurgy. A dearth of research in emerging technologies for Co recovery from Li-ion batteries is discussed throughout the manuscript within a broader overview. The study is strictly connected to the Sustainability Development Goals (SDG) number 7, 8, 9, and 12.

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“…The majority of publications are focused on material recycling and recovery: (a) in general [7,48,84], (b) of blade materials [47,[85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96] or (c) of critical raw materials [97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105]. Joining up the start and the end of low-carbon infrastructure supply chains, resource security concerns [102,106,107], design for recycling [108,109] and supply chain security and development [95,103] are covered. Solutions that go beyond material recovery are emerging with publications on lifetime extension [110,111], eco-design [7], reuse and repurposing [83,93,112,113] and remanufacturing [114]-terminology explained in Section 4.…”

Section: Current Circular Economy Literature On Wind Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Framework and Baseline for the Integration of a Sustainable Circular Economy in Offshore Wind

Velenturf

2021

Energies

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Circular economy and renewable energy infrastructure such as offshore wind farms are often assumed to be developed in synergy as part of sustainable transitions. Offshore wind is among the preferred technologies for low-carbon energy. Deployment is forecast to accelerate over ten times faster than onshore wind between 2021 and 2025, while the first generation of offshore wind turbines is about to be decommissioned. However, the growing scale of offshore wind brings new sustainability challenges. Many of the challenges are circular economy-related, such as increasing resource exploitation and competition and underdeveloped end-of-use solutions for decommissioned components and materials. However, circular economy is not yet commonly and systematically applied to offshore wind. Circular economy is a whole system approach aiming to make better use of products, components and materials throughout their consecutive lifecycles. The purpose of this study is to enable the integration of a sustainable circular economy into the design, development, operation and end-of-use management of offshore wind infrastructure. This will require a holistic overview of potential circular economy strategies that apply to offshore wind, because focus on no, or a subset of, circular solutions would open the sector to the risk of unintended consequences, such as replacing carbon impacts with water pollution, and short-term private cost savings with long-term bills for taxpayers. This study starts with a systematic review of circular economy and wind literature as a basis for the coproduction of a framework to embed a sustainable circular economy throughout the lifecycle of offshore wind energy infrastructure, resulting in eighteen strategies: design for circular economy, data and information, recertification, dematerialisation, waste prevention, modularisation, maintenance and repair, reuse and repurpose, refurbish and remanufacturing, lifetime extension, repowering, decommissioning, site recovery, disassembly, recycling, energy recovery, landfill and re-mining. An initial baseline review for each strategy is included. The application and transferability of the framework to other energy sectors, such as oil and gas and onshore wind, are discussed. This article concludes with an agenda for research and innovation and actions to take by industry and government.

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Towards a low-carbon society: A review of lithium resource availability, challenges and innovations in mining, extraction and recycling, and future perspectives

Cited by 274 publications

References 217 publications

Synthesis and characterization of coal fly ash and palm oil fuel ash modified artisanal and small-scale gold mine (ASGM) tailings based geopolymer using sugar mill lime sludge as Ca-based activator

Synthesis and characterization of coal fly ash and palm oil fuel ash modified artisanal and small-scale gold mine (ASGM) tailings based geopolymer using sugar mill lime sludge as Ca-based activator

Cobalt Recovery from Li-Ion Battery Recycling: A Critical Review

A Framework and Baseline for the Integration of a Sustainable Circular Economy in Offshore Wind

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