“…It models the competition between secondary users as a noncooperative game, as in Shin (2011, 2013), and finds the Nash equilibrium at the point the database operator maximizes its profit. Taparia, Casey, and Hammainen (2012) study the market mechanisms of heterogeneous secondary usage between different market players involving both wide-area and local-area operators, creating a win-win scenario for all participants. In the simulations, they observe a generic tradeoff in which the trade facilitation including transaction, brokerage, and auction costs increase as the lease time shortens while finding that trade activity is insufficient if the lease time is too long.…”