“…Over the past three decades, about a hundred of studies have been published, with their topics ranging from TD conceptual analysis (e.g., (Siebra et al, 2012;Schmid, 2013), detection (e.g., (Marinescu, 2004;Wong et al, 2011;Marinescu, 2012;Zazworka et al, 2014), to evaluation (e.g., (Izurieta et al, 2013;Ktata and Lévesque, 2010;Nugroho et al, 2011). Although the increasing number of studies produced significant benefits in defining and assessing TD as well as improving software quality (Sharma, 2012;Ramasubbu and Kemerer, 2013;Griffith et al, 2014), there lacks of a consistent and consolidated view of the definitions and determinant factors of TD, which may result in confusion on its detection and evaluation in both academic research and industrial practice. For instance, in the state-of-the-art TD research, code smell is often considered as a cause of TD (Fontana et al, 2012;Guo et al, 2010;Ligu et al, 2013) that could be naturally classified as the code debt.…”