Towards a Model of Travel Fear

Fennell, David A.

doi:10.1016/j.annals.2017.07.015

Cited by 96 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…This research heeds the call for future research on tourism in risk and uncertainty in times of crisis and disasters, by Ritchie and Jiang (2019). We contribute to research on mortality threats and tourism (Fennell, 2017;Oren, Shani, & Poria, 2019;Ulqinaku & Sarial-Abi, 2020) and tourism, by showing that interactive tours are preferred when experiencing mortality threats, especially for individuals who consider technological adoption important to their self-esteem. Contributing to previous research on the effects of crises on tourism (Cró & Martins, 2017), we suggest one way to address threatened tourists.…”

Section: Theoretical Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Mortality threats and technology effects on tourism

Nanni

Ulqinaku

2021

Annals of Tourism Research

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According to the Worldometer statistics, in April 2020 the number of Covid-19-related deaths has surpassed 190,000, creating a general fear of death in people (Long, 2020). Not surprisingly, this has had a tremendous effect on tourism. It is estimated that it will take to tourism almost one year to recover from these losses (Faus, 2020). While it is impossible for tourists to visit museums, parks, or other touristic destinations, because of the Covid-19 lockdown policies, we suggest that there is still a light of hope: virtual tours. Previous literature on tourism shows that the use of web-based virtual tours improves consumer perceptions of the destination before the actual (physical) experience (Cho, Wang, & Fesenmaier, 2002). Tussyadiah, Wang, Jung, & tom Dieck (2018) investigated the use of virtual reality in tourism (e.g., MET, MoMA, Uffizi) and found that it has a positive effect on the intention to physically visit the place. The present research aims to show a first evidence of what is the effect of virtual tours (interactive vs. non interactive) on willingness to donate to the museum, willingness to pay for virtual tours when, as in these times, consumers not only cannot visit a place, but they are also afraid to go out. Mortality threat remains the biggest fear humans face (Becker, 1973). Research on Terror Management Theory (Solomon, Greenberg, & Pyszczynski, 1991) suggests that mortality threat affects behavior in several ways: by lowering life satisfaction, wellbeing, or meaning in life (Burke, Martens, & Faucher, 2010). However, being exposed to something that is important to one's selfesteem can provide relief to mortality threats (Pyszczynski, Greenberg, & Solomon, 1999). Moreover, people have more positive attitudes towards brands or products that provide them relief from mortality threats (e.g., Sarial-Abi, Vohs, Hamilton, & Ulqinaku, 2017). We extend these findings in the tourism context, because mortality threats can prevent people from traveling (Fennell, 2017). Moreover, providing solutions to tourism during a struggling, uncertain, and threatening time is crucial and critical (Ritchie & Jiang, 2019). Adding to previous research on these topics, we propose virtual tours with a greater element of innovation (interactivity) as a way to address the threatened tourists. If technology innovation (as the bases of interactive virtual tours) adoption is important to one's self-esteem, then, given the importance of the latter one to mitigate mortality threats, interactive virtual tours should result in more positive attitudes towards the museum offering that. Fig. 1 shows our conceptual model.

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Section: Theoretical Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Mortality threats and technology effects on tourism

Nanni

Ulqinaku

2021

Annals of Tourism Research

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“…With respect to tourism, Giusti and Raya (2019) stated the major risks for visitors include health issues, crime, political issues and natural disasters. Additionally, Fennell (2017) concluded that factors and states regarding fear of travel are shock, panic, risk, worry, and anxiety. Concerning health concerns, the impact of fear arousal related to COVID-19 on domestic tourists' behavior has not been examined yet, however, several tourism studies articulated that risk perception substantially impacted travelers’ intentions to visit a destination (e.g.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 and repeat visitation: Assessing the role of destination social responsibility, destination reputation, holidaymakers’ trust and fear arousal

Hassan

Soliman

2021

Journal of Destination Marketing & Management

190

170

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This study aimed to examine the influence of destination social responsibility (DSR) on destination reputation, holidaymakers' perceived trust and their revisit intention. It also tested the direct paths between destination reputation, tourists' perceived trust and revisit intention. Moreover, it investigated the moderation impact of fear arousal due to COVID-19 on the relations between visitors' revisit intention and its associated antecedents. PLS-SEM was employed to analyze the data gathered from 543 domestic holidaymakers who have recently visited tourism destinations in Egypt. The findings indicated that tourists' revisit intention is positively and significantly influenced by DSR, destination reputation and their perceived trust. Additionally, DSR is positively linked to destination reputation and visitors' trust, which in turn is positively affected by destination reputation. The results also revealed that fear arousal negatively moderates the link between destination reputation, holidaymakers’ trust and their intention to revisit. Academic and managerial implications, limitations, and directions for future studies were also presented.

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“…For instance, Karafillakis and Larson (2017) make no differentiation between the terms ‘risk’ and ‘uncertainty,’ ‘fear,’ ‘worry’ and ‘anxiety’ using them interchangeably in their study, which is quite problematic. Research in psychology indicates that despite their similarities and relationships, they have subtle differences, which must be recognized ( Fennell, 2017 ). We stick to the term vaccination concern and operationalize it as apprehensions that people hold about travel vaccination, which are either perceptual, real or a combination of these, potentially limiting them from embracing vaccines wholeheartedly.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond fragmentary: A proposed measure for travel vaccination concerns

et al. 2021

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The travel medicine literature points to travelers' concerns as significant promoters of their under-vaccinations. Therefore, this study researches the hitherto understudied concept of vaccination concern and its theoretical scope in the international travel space. It attempts a conceptualization of the concept by delimiting its theoretical scope and proposes a measure for it. An exploratory sequential mixed-methods design was used to conduct four interlocking studies using data from a netnography, field interviews, and surveys among varied international travelers. A scale with six dimensions, comprising safety, efficacy, cost, time, access, and autonomy concerns were revealed. The scale significantly explained mainstream and segments-based tourists' uptake attitudes and behavior for their eligible vaccines. The findings suggest that anti-travel vax sentiments and public vax sentiments despite conceptually similar are considerably distinct. The broad nature of the scale and its prediction of travelers' vaccine uptake make it clinically relevant for tracking and resolving concerns for increased vaccine uptake.

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Towards a Model of Travel Fear

Cited by 96 publications

References 87 publications

Mortality threats and technology effects on tourism

Mortality threats and technology effects on tourism

COVID-19 and repeat visitation: Assessing the role of destination social responsibility, destination reputation, holidaymakers’ trust and fear arousal

Beyond fragmentary: A proposed measure for travel vaccination concerns

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