Towards a process to quantify the hazard of fire protection design alternatives

Reneke, Paul A.; Bruns, M.; Gilbert, Stanley W.; MacLaren, Chandler; Peacock, Richard D.; Cleary, Thomas G.; Butry, David T.

doi:10.6028/nist.tn.2041

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The association is likely the person being intimate with the fire in many cases. In general, though, the deadliness of a fire is correlated with its size [12], while recent research [11] suggests that most injury-inducing fires are not reported to the fire department, which in turn suggests that most injuries occur in relatively small fires.…”

Section: Peoplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, a fire's growth is in part determined by the behavior of the people around it rather than being independent of the people around it. Fires during the early morning hours are more deadly than at other times [12]. That is likely due to an increased time to react to fire cues thus allowing the fire to grow further before people react.…”

Section: Firementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, they are among the least deadly fires. Fires that start in the living room or bedroom are among the deadliest (based on reported fires) [13], as are fires that start in upholstered ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ furniture or mattresses [12] (although [14] suggests that new standards have significantly reduced the likelihood of deaths from fires starting in mattresses). In both of those cases fires are starting in large and highly flammable fuel packets.…”

Section: Firementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low income and socioeconomic status has typically been associated with risk of death in fire [16]. Smoking is associated with risk of death as well [16]: fires started by smoking materials are among the deadliest [12] [27].…”

Section: Peoplementioning

confidence: 99%

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Human behavior in home fires

Gilbert¹

2021

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Casualties in fires--and in particular, deaths--are tail events. The average fire does not cause deaths or injuries. There is increasing evidence that the people susceptible to dying in fires are a specific subset of the people in homes. It seems likely that the same holds true of the fire and the environment as well. That is, that it is a suite of circumstances that produce deaths (and to a lesser extent injuries) in fires. While there has been a lot of valuable work aimed at identifying characteristics associated with deaths in fire, there has been little aimed at identifying those suites of conditions that produce fire deaths. One that can be readily identified is a cigarette fire ignited on or in the immediate vicinity of a person who is frail. Other suites of circumstances are less clear. There are a number of observations that can be made based on the research regarding fire in domestic environments. The large majority of fires are not reported to the fire department, and evidence suggests that the majority of those fires are put out by the people on site. This occurs in spite of the frequent admonition to Get out, Stay out.... \cite{thompson_2015}. It is a reminder that people do not necessarily always act in accordance with fire-safety messaging. The typical engineering approach to fire design--ASET/RSET--does not explicitly capture all observed behaviors in domestic fires. The basic assumption of the approach is that people react to a fire by evacuating, and that the time to evacuate is mostly independent of the fire. But these assumptions break down for domestic fires. A different approach is warranted for fire design for domestic spaces.

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Section: Peoplementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Firementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Firementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Peoplementioning

confidence: 99%

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Human behavior in home fires

Gilbert¹

2021

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“…What is still largely lacking are the tools to make the process tenable. To that end, the Fire Research Division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been exploring the process [13,14,15,16] in order to develop tools that will make Monte Carlo fire hazard analysis a more widely used form of analysis using the Consolidated Fire And Smoke Transport (CFAST) model. The result of this effort is the CFAST Fire Data Generator (CData), documented in this report.…”

Section: Getting Startedmentioning

confidence: 99%

CFAST - Consolidated Fire and Smoke Transport (Version 7) Volume 5: CFAST Fire Data Generator (CData)

Reneke¹,

Peacock²,

Gilbert³

et al. 2021

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This document provides documentation for creating and running Monte Carlo simulations with the Consolidated Fire And Smoke Transport (CFAST) model using the CFAST Fire Data Generator (CData). The method follows the general framework set forth in the "Standard Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire Models," ASTM E 1355 [1]. Instructions for using CFAST are contained in a separate user's guide, and model assessment information is contained in a separate verification and validation guide.

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