Towards a theoretical framework for situational awareness in paramedicine

Situational awareness in the identification of abuse – Out-of-hospital emergency care providers’ experiences

“…The classical definition for situational awareness (SA) is Endsley's "perception of the elements in the environment in a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning and the projection of their status in the near future". [4] According to Hunter et al, [5] who have compared and discussed theoretical frameworks for SA, Endley's theory is the most appropriate one for paramedicine. Good situational awareness is especially critical in high risk situations.…”

“…[10] There is still little in-depth research on SA in paramedicine, although evidence from aviation and other high-risk industries shows that good SA reduces accidents. [5] In aviation, SA has been conceptualized as an important component in non-technical skills, that is in "the cognitive, social and personal resource skills that complement technical skills and contribute to safe and efficient task performance", [12] and as a core component in Crisis Resource Management, alongside with other important teamwork behaviors, for example leadership, communication and resource utilization. In healthcare industries, anesthesiology was the first specialty to adopt the idea of SA and CRM principles, and it has been followed by other specialties, including emergency medical services.…”

“…[13] As in the other high risk and high stress industries, the rapidly changing situations typical of EMS make it important that team members possess SA and actively share their observations when they assess patients, anticipate risks and make decisions in order to secure the safety of all those present at scene. [5,14] Some research exists on SA in prehospital EMS. [5,8,[14][15][16] Norri-Sederholm's studies on paramedic field supervisors' SA focused on the flow of information, formulating the field supervisors' information interest profile and revealing their four roles, those of a decision-maker, planner, analyst and situation follower.…”

“…[5,14] Some research exists on SA in prehospital EMS. [5,8,[14][15][16] Norri-Sederholm's studies on paramedic field supervisors' SA focused on the flow of information, formulating the field supervisors' information interest profile and revealing their four roles, those of a decision-maker, planner, analyst and situation follower. The most important information categories in developing SA were events, action patterns, decision and means.…”

Identifying Cognitive Mechanism Underlying Situation Awareness of Pilots’ Unsafe Behaviors Using Quantitative Modeling

“…At present, the behavioral classification framework based on SRK was heavily adopted, which was the attempt to introduce cognitive factors into behavioral research [ 44 ]. With the development of the theory of cognitive psychology, the information processing of behavioral cognition gradually formed two modes: “controlled or conscious processing” and “automatic or unconscious processing”, playing an associated role in the real-world [ 45 ]. During the ship pilotage, according to the rating scales on hazardous events and occurrence probability formulated by Darbra et al [ 46 ], Chen [ 47 ] preliminarily determined the measurement items related to pilots’ unsafe behaviors combining with HFACS.…”