Towards a universal model for orogenic gold systems: A perspective based on Chinese examples with geodynamic, temporal, and deposit-scale structural and geochemical diversity

Wang, Qingfei; Yang, Lin; Zhao, Hesen; Groves, David; Weng, Weijun; Xue, Shuai; Li, Huajian; Dong, Chaoyi; Yang, Liqiang; Li, Dapeng; Deng, Jun

doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103861

Cited by 88 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 227 publications

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“…6 ). Such a lithospheric structure promotes the degassing of the hydrous basic magmas at the base of the crust or during ascent, as suggested by previous studies based on the close spatial-temporal association between the mafic dikes and gold deposits in the Jiaodong gold belt [ 12 , 99 ]. Similarly, in the Xiaoqinling Orogen, central China, the crust with E-W-trending movement overlaps the underlying upper mantle with an N-S-trending SKS fast direction [ 100 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Lithosphere architecture characterized by crust–mantle decoupling controls the formation of orogenic gold deposits

Hou

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2022

National Science Review

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This study, via combined analysis of geophysical and geochemical data, reveals a lithospheric architecture characterized by crust-mantle decoupling and vertical heat-flow conduits that control orogenic gold mineralization in the Ailaoshan gold belt on the southeastern margin of Tibet. The mantle seismic tomography indicates that the crust-mantle decoupled deformation, defined from previous seismic anisotropy analysis was formed by upwelling and lateral flow of the asthenosphere driven by deep subduction of the Indian continent. Our MT and seismic images show both a vertical conductor across the Moho and high Vp/Vs anomalies both in the uppermost mantle and lowest crust, suggesting that crust-mantle decoupling promotes ponding of mantle-derived basic melts at the base of the crust via a heat-flow conduit. Noble gas isotope and halogen ratios of gold-related ore minerals indicate a mantle source of ore fluid, and a rapid decrease in Cl/F ratios of lamprophyres under P-T conditions of 1.2 Gpa and 1050 C suggests that the ore fluid was derived from degassing of the basic melts. Similar lithospheric architecture is recognized in other orogenic gold provinces, implying analogous formational controls.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Lithosphere architecture characterized by crust–mantle decoupling controls the formation of orogenic gold deposits

Hou

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2022

National Science Review

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“…The gold mineralization in China is characterized by multiple genetic types, mainly including orogenic, epithermal, porphyry, and Carlin-type, formed under diverse tectonic settings (Fig. 2a; Deng and Wang, 2016;Deng et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2021). Epithermal and porphyry gold deposits were formed in the Late Paleozoic accretionary orogeny in Central Asia Orogenic Belt (Zeng et al, 2007;An and Zhu, 2009); orogenic and epithermal deposits were formed in the Qinling-Qilian-Kunlun belt in the Mesozoic accretionary orogenic setting (Deng and Wang, 2016); orogenic, epithermal, porphyry-skarn, and Carlin-type gold deposits were formed under the Early Paleozoic to Late Mesozoic intracontinental orogenic background in South China Block (SCB; Wang et al, 2020a); orogenic and porphyry-skarn gold deposits formed under the Cenozoic continental collisional orogeny in the Tibet Plateau (Wang et al, 2020b).…”

Section: Gold Mineralization Evolution In China and The Unique Tecton...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the deposit scale, the structural controls on gold mineralization in Jiaodong have been investigated by Yang et al (2014aYang et al ( , 2018b, Deng et al (2018Deng et al ( , 2020c, and Wang et al (2021). During the pre-gold period, the Jiaodong gold province experienced compressional to transpressional deformation with NW-SE-trending maximum principal stress (Deng et al, 2018).…”

Section: Structural Transition Controls On Gold Mineralizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Formation of the Jiaodong Gold Province

Deng

WANG

LIU

et al. 2022

Acta Geologica Sinica (Eng)

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Gold deposits in Jiaodong, termed Jiaodong‐type, are tectonically located in the southeastern margin of the North China Craton. Their major features are reviewed in this paper to highlight the differences between Jiaodong deposits and other genetic types of gold deposits. The mineralization was synchronized with asthenosphere upwelling indicated by syn‐ore OIB‐like mafic dike and large‐scale crustal thinning suggested by decrease of Sr/Y from pre‐ore to syn‐ore granites. Asthenosphere upwelling induced by the roll‐back of Paleo‐Pacific Plate drove partial melting of lithospheric mantle and devolatilization, which induced the release of the ore‐forming fluids. In concomitant with magmatic records, mineralization migrated from the western Jiaobei terrane (133–127 Ma) to the eastern Sulu orogenic belt (114–108 Ma), corresponding to the eastward roll‐back of Paleo‐Pacific Plate. Gold mineralization in Jiaodong formed in the transitions of ductile to brittle deformation, rapid to slow crustal uplift, and regional compression to extension. In the regional‐scale, the gold deposits in the Jiaobei terrane are mostly situated at intersections between NE‐trending faults and EW‐trending basement faults, and gold orebodies dominantly controlled by the lithologic contacts between Precambrian metamorphic rocks and Mesozoic granites. The mineralization was dominated by the disseminated‐veinlet ores related to quartz–sericite alteration in strong cataclasite‐breccia zone, with subsidiary thick quartz‐sulfide veins developed in secondary fault zones. The ore‐forming fluids belong to a H2O–CO2–NaCl±CH4 system and show minor variations in salinity among different types of ore. Structure‐fluid feedback involving fluid‐rock reaction and hydrofracturing triggered the fluid phase separation and resultant gold deposition. The Jiaodong gold deposits are distinct from orogenic and intrusion‐related gold deposits in terms of tectonic setting, origin of ore‐forming fluids, and mechanism of gold deposition.

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“…The Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas are composed of a mosaic of small blocks (Figure 1a; e.g., the Tethyan Himalaya, Lhasa, Qiangtang, Sibumasu, and Indochina blocks), which are thought to have separated from East Gondwana and collided with Eurasia at various times since the late Paleozoic (Advokaat et al., 2018; Deng et al., 2014, 2022; Metcalfe, 2013; G. Zhao et al., 2018). A number of geological processes were involved in the separation, including continental rifting, seafloor spreading, oceanic plate formation and subduction, continental collision, and the opening and closing of the Paleo‐Tethys and Neo‐Tethys oceans (Deng et al., 2019; Huang et al., 2018; Metcalfe, 2021; Q. Wang et al., 2020, 2022; G. Zhao et al., 2018). The Indochina Block, located on the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau (Figure 1a), was involved in the overall process, from the breakup of East Gondwana to the India‐Asian collision (Deng et al., 2021; Gao et al., 2015; S. Li et al., 2017; Z. Yang & Besse, 1993).…”

Section: Geological Setting and Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction Between Mineralization and Rock Magnetization: New Constraints From a Silurian‐Lower Devonian Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) Deposit

Gao

Wang

et al. 2023

JGR Solid Earth

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The unclear relationship between mineralization, hydrothermal alteration, and rock magnetization in volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits limits us from fully understanding the magnetic anomalies and remagnetization process in this type of deposit. We address the issue by conducting systemic paleomagnetic, rock magnetic, petrographic, and X‐Ray diffraction studies in the Dapingzhang VMS deposit on the northwestern Indochina Block. Magnetite is the dominant magnetic carrier of hydrothermally altered surrounding rocks and orebody. Magnetite consumption and secondary magnetite formation occurred at different stages and types of hydrothermal alteration. The overall decrease in magnetite concentration from chloritization via silicification to mineralization implies that the magnetite was mostly consumed during hydrothermal alterations. Secondary single domain magnetite, which can carry a remagnetization direction, is proposed to be formed during illitization via the smectite‐to‐illite transformation. Secondary superparamagnetic magnetite, which was most likely formed during the late stage of chloritization, is unable to carry the stable characteristic remanent magnetization. The site‐mean direction of high‐temperature and high‐coercivity components is Dg/Ig = 324.5°/43.1°, and kg = 35.1, with α95 = 6.8° before tilt correction, and Ds/Is = 316.2°/37.6°, and ks = 16.4, with α95 = 10.1° after tilt correction, with a negative fold test. However, plate reconstruction is limited by the uncertainty of the tilting process following mineralization and the possibility of remagnetization during burial alteration. Therefore, this study provides a mechanism for rock magnetic variation and remagnetization during VMS mineralization.

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Towards a universal model for orogenic gold systems: A perspective based on Chinese examples with geodynamic, temporal, and deposit-scale structural and geochemical diversity

Cited by 88 publications

References 227 publications

Lithosphere architecture characterized by crust–mantle decoupling controls the formation of orogenic gold deposits

Lithosphere architecture characterized by crust–mantle decoupling controls the formation of orogenic gold deposits

The Formation of the Jiaodong Gold Province

Interaction Between Mineralization and Rock Magnetization: New Constraints From a Silurian‐Lower Devonian Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS) Deposit

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