Towards an ethical framework for animal‐based attractions

Abstract

Purpose -The aim of this paper is to discuss the issues of animal rights in the hospitality and tourism (H&T) industry, and to suggest ethical guidelines for the operation of animal-based attractions. Design/methodology/approach -The issue is presented through an extensive literature review, in addition to current examples and demonstrations from the industry. Findings -For years, the H&T industry has been heavily criticized for its inconsiderate and even cruel use of animals for entertainment purposes. However, there are clear indications, presented in this paper, of a growing tendency to adopt approaches that emphasize animal welfare and even animal rights.Research limitations/implications -The growing awareness of animal rights, the changing public opinion and the influence of animal rights' movements is forcing animal attractions to re-evaluate their attitudes toward the use of animals. Generally, animal attractions should adopt an approach that combines entertainment, education and welfare concerns. Specific guidelines for each component and recommendations are provided. However, this issue requires further discussion and research to clarify key problems. Originality/value -The paper is of value to researchers and practitioners who are interested in the development of H&T ethics regarding the use of animals.

An eco-feminist perspective on the co-existence of different views of seals in leisure activities

“…Aiming to make order within the complex issue of the use of animals in leisure contexts, and to focus and reflect on related moral aspects, Shani and Pizam (2008) develop a framework about a set of ethical concerns and principles that act as guidelines for animalbased attractions. This framework is based on an animal-rights position, and is built around three components: entertainment, education, and animal welfare.…”

“…Inspired by the three-component framework put forth by Shani and Pizam (2008), some ethical questions about wild animals in leisure activities are proposed from the perspective of eco-feminism. Regarding the animal welfare component and in order to better capture aspects relative to the ethical treatment of animals, the animal wellbeing principle can be included.…”

“…Here, animal welfarists argue that as long as the animals are guaranteed a good life, their killing is morally justified. Shani and Pizam (2008) summarise the animal welfare position with the following words: 'It is acceptable to use animals for most human purposes, as long there is a sincere attempt to maximise their welfare and minimise their suffering and pain' (681). In their framework, the authors specify that from an animal rights perspective, such efforts should be directed to the elimination of pain and suffering.…”

“…In the original framework of Shani and Pizam (2008), the animal welfare component has a privileged role, being both a component and the underlying logic of ethical questions.…”

“…Both welfare and wellbeing aspects are particularly important for the modes of engagement that infer direct contact with animals. In regards to the welfare principle, the ethical questions proposed by Shani and Pizam (2008) are still pertinent, while some questions can be developed for the wellbeing component. Finally, another component can be added to the original framework: self-identity construction.…”