“…The current debate on citizenship education in pedagogical sciences is related to, among others, a discussion on the ways of defining and understanding citizenship and the models of citizenship education that are inseparably connected with it (Potulicka, 2010;Czech-Włodarczyk, 2012;Wiłkomirska, 2013;Starego, 2012;Wiśniewska-Kin, 2013;Kopińska, 2017Kopińska, , 2022Rutkowiak & Starego, 2018) . In the literature on the subject, there are different, dichotomous approaches, ranging from those where citizenship is understood instrumentally (emphasising individualism, autonomy and individual freedom), to approaches that address engaged citizenship, according to which rooting in the community comes to the fore, emphasising 'relations with this community that form a sense of citizenship, civil attitude and concern for the common good' (Wnuk-Lipiński, 2005, p .…”