“…Ontology has been developed to provide machine-processable semantics of information sources that can be communicated between systems or human entities (Alaya & Monteil, 2015;Buranarach et al, 2016;Chungoora et al, 2013;Palmer et al, 2018), and intelligent systems also use it for the interoperation of heterogeneous systems. As a result, ontology has become a significant concept for Intelligent Information Integration, Internet Information Retrieval, Knowledge Management, and the Semantic Web (Imran & Young, 2016;Pereira et al, 2021). The basic elements that compose ontologies are classes, relationships, axioms, individuals, and functions.…”