Towards an understanding of spiral patterning in the Sargassum muticum shoot apex

Linardić, Marina; Braybrook, Siobhan A.

doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13767-5

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…In Sargassum muticum (and other species such as S. vulgare), an apical cell, which is contained within an apical pit filled with mucilage, divides from all three faces to produce promeristematic cells. These repeatedly divide to give rise to cells that make up the meristoderm, cortex and medulla layers of the alga body (Kaur 1999;Linardić and Braybrook 2017;Peaucelle and Couder 2016). Sargassum muticum comprises a root-like holdfast, which gives rise to the central axis (stipe).…”

Section: The Brown Algaementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sargassum muticum comprises a root-like holdfast, which gives rise to the central axis (stipe). The stipe has a meristematic apex that produces hierarchically organised primary branches, each able to produce radially organised leaf-like blades, air bladders and reproductive receptacles from its own meristematic apex (Linardić and Braybrook 2017;Peaucelle and Couder 2016).…”

Section: The Brown Algaementioning

confidence: 99%

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Three-dimensional growth: a developmental innovation that facilitated plant terrestrialization

Moody

2020

J Plant Res

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One of the most transformative events in the history of life on earth was the transition of plants from water to land approximately 470 million years ago. Within the Charophyte green algae, the closest living relatives of land plants, body plans have evolved from those that comprise simple unicells to those that are morphologically complex, large and multicellular. The Charophytes developed these broad ranging body plans by exploiting a range of one-dimensional and two-dimensional growth strategies to produce filaments, mats and branches. When plants were confronted with harsh conditions on land, they were required to make significant changes to the way they shaped their body plans. One of the fundamental developmental transitions that occurred was the evolution of three-dimensional growth and the acquisition of apical cells with three or more cutting faces. Plants subsequently developed a range of morphological adaptations (e.g. vasculature, roots, flowers, seeds) that enabled them to colonise progressively drier environments. 3D apical growth also evolved convergently in the brown algae, completely independently of the green lineage. This review summarises the evolving developmental complexities observed in the early divergent Charophytes all the way through to the earliest conquerors of land, and investigates 3D apical growth in the brown algae.

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Section: The Brown Algaementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Brown Algaementioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional growth: a developmental innovation that facilitated plant terrestrialization

Moody

2020

J Plant Res

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“…Multicellular brown algae share a striking amount of morphogenetic similarity with plants and are often mistaken for plants. Similar developmental patterns such as from organ arrangement (23) and embryo patterning (24–28) to cell expansion types (e.g. tip growth (6), has led to this common misconception; however, brown algae are only very distantly related to the Viridiplantae (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth of theFucusembryo: insights into wall-mediated cell expansion through mechanics and transcriptomics

Linardić

Cokus

Pellegrini

et al. 2020

Preprint

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17Morphogenesis in walled organisms represents a highly controlled process that 18 involves cell proliferation and expansion; cell growth is regulated through changes in 19 the structure and mechanics of the cells' walls. Despite taking different evolutionary 20 paths, land plants and some brown algae exhibit developmental and morphological 21 similarities; however, the role of the algal cell wall in morphogenesis remains heavily 22 similar to those observed in plants. In addition, our data show that cleavage-type cell 41 proliferation exists in brown algae similar to that seen in plant and animal systems 42 indicating a possible conserved developmental phenomenon across the branches of 43 multicellular life. 44 103 G sugars present: mixed MG regions are most flexible, followed by M-rich regions, 104 with G-rich regions being the stiffest (MG flexibility > MM > GG; (47)). 105 Since Fucus affords a maternally-free developing embryo, it is an ideal system 106 for studying the mechanics of morphogenesis in brown algae, and, specifically, that 107 underlying cell expansion. 108 Here, we explore the mechanical basis of wall-mediated growth in the Fucus 109 serratus embryo through a combination of atomic force microscopy and alginate 110 immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we present the first brown algal embryo 111 6 development transcriptome and explore the expression of cell wall biosynthesis and 112 modification genes in early embryo growth. We utilize our data to hypothesize that cell 113 expansion in the Fucus zygote is regulated, in part, by alginate biochemistry and 114 resulting wall mechanics. Our findings point to a physical similarity between the 115 mechanical regulation of cell expansion in plants and brown algae. 116

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“…Recently, monoclonal antibodies have been raised against different blocks of alginates 29 , allowing for spatial analysis of alginate distribution in situ . Using these antibodies in the large alga Sargassum , M-rich alginates were immunolabeled in mature tissues while enrichment in G-units was observed in the quite quiescent, central cell of the apical meristematic region 30 . In the brown alga Fucus , M-rich, MG-rich and G-rich alginates were all labelled in the zygote with a similar, ubiquitous pattern, and became undetectable in the growing rhizoid 29 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alginates along the filament of the brown alga Ectocarpus help cells cope with stress

Rabillé

Torode

Tesson

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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Ectocarpus is a filamentous brown alga, which cell wall is composed mainly of alginates and fucans (80%), two non-crystalline polysaccharide classes. Alginates are linear chains of epimers of 1,4-linked uronic acids, β-D-mannuronic acid (M) and α-L-guluronic acid (G). Previous physico-chemical studies showed that G-rich alginate gels are stiffer than M-rich alginate gels when prepared in vitro with calcium. In order to assess the possible role of alginates in Ectocarpus, we first immunolocalised M-rich or G-rich alginates using specific monoclonal antibodies along the filament. As a second step, we calculated the tensile stress experienced by the cell wall along the filament, and varied it with hypertonic or hypotonic solutions. As a third step, we measured the stiffness of the cell along the filament, using cell deformation measurements and atomic force microscopy. Overlapping of the three sets of data allowed to show that alginates co-localise with the stiffest and most stressed areas of the filament, namely the dome of the apical cell and the shanks of the central round cells. In addition, no major distinction between M-rich and G-rich alginate spatial patterns could be observed. Altogether, these results support that both M-rich and G-rich alginates play similar roles in stiffening the cell wall where the tensile stress is high and exposes cells to bursting, and that these roles are independent from cell growth and differentiation.

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Towards an understanding of spiral patterning in the Sargassum muticum shoot apex

Cited by 13 publications

References 57 publications

Three-dimensional growth: a developmental innovation that facilitated plant terrestrialization

Three-dimensional growth: a developmental innovation that facilitated plant terrestrialization

Growth of theFucusembryo: insights into wall-mediated cell expansion through mechanics and transcriptomics

Alginates along the filament of the brown alga Ectocarpus help cells cope with stress

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