Towards Auction-Based Function Placement in Serverless Fog Platforms

Bermbach, David; Maghsudi, Setareh; Hasenburg, Jonathan; Pfandzelter, Tobias

doi:10.1109/icfc49376.2020.00012

Cited by 40 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…While networks with mobile nodes, frequent outages, or regular changes in topology may exist, we envision that static applications such as the smart factory in our case study are common. Furthermore, our process can be used for the static components of a more dynamic application while the dynamic components are deployed using other approaches such as Reference 32.…”

Section: Discussion and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From zero to fog: Efficient engineering of fog‐based Internet of Things applications

2021

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In Internet of Things (IoT) data processing, cloud computing alone does not suffice due to latency constraints, bandwidth limitations, and privacy concerns. By introducing intermediary nodes closer to the edge of the network that offer compute services in proximity to IoT devices, fog computing can reduce network strain and high access latency to application services. While this is the only viable approach to enable efficient IoT applications, the issue of component placement among cloud and intermediary nodes in the fog adds a new dimension to system design. State‐of‐the‐art solutions to this issue rely on simulation or solving a formalized assignment problem through heuristics only, which both have their drawbacks. In this article, we present a five‐step process for designing practical fog‐based IoT applications that combines best practices, simulation, and testbed analysis to converge towards an efficient system architecture. We then apply this process in a smart factory case study. By deploying filtered options to a physical testbed, we show that each step of our process converges towards more efficient application designs.

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Section: Discussion and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From zero to fog: Efficient engineering of fog‐based Internet of Things applications

2021

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“…Finally, Bermbach et al [63] are the sole to take an infrastructure provider's perspective. They advocate the need for a distributed auction-based strategy to allocate FaaS to (Cloud or Edge) providers' nodes.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is worth mentioning that the latency of applications (considered in [48][49][50][51][55][56][57][58][59]) and the resource optimisation of nodes (considered in [47][48][49]51,[56][57][58][59]63]) are taken into account the most in the surveyed literature. [42,51,56,63] also allow specifying user-defined strategies. [55,56,59,63] take into account the costs, an important element in the FaaS settings.…”

Section: Summary At a Glancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Secure FaaS orchestration in the fog: how far are we?

et al. 2021

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Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) allows developers to define, orchestrate and run modular event-based pieces of code on virtualised resources, without the burden of managing the underlying infrastructure nor the life-cycle of such pieces of code. Indeed, FaaS providers offer resource auto-provisioning, auto-scaling and pay-per-use billing at no costs for idle time. This makes it easy to scale running code and it represents an effective and increasingly adopted way to deliver software. This article aims at offering an overview of the existing literature in the field of next-gen FaaS from three different perspectives: (i) the definition of FaaS orchestrations, (ii) the execution of FaaS orchestrations in Fog computing environments, and (iii) the security of FaaS orchestrations. Our analysis identify trends and gaps in the literature, paving the way to further research on securing FaaS orchestrations in Fog computing landscapes.

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“…However, these auctioning and bidding mechanisms use forward-bidding strategies whereby the computation tasks are offloaded in fog servers considering the usage patterns, mobility, SLA requirements, and availability of computation and storage resources in fog edge servers and endpoint IoT devices [10]. Existing research work used reverse auctioning mechanisms to efficiently and collaboratively manage virtual machines on cloud data centers and fog servers [11]. However, to the best of our knowledge, existing literature still lacks the continuous feedback from users to actively incentivize or penalize the fog service providers.…”

Section: A Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain-Based Decentralized Reverse Bidding in Fog Computing

2020

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Fog computing systems are designed to provide localized computation, storage, and communication services in close proximity to the endpoint mobile and IoT devices. Fog service providers typically monetize their service usage via centralized payment mechanisms in unverifiable and non-transparent manner. Therefore, there exists a need for a trust-enabling payment mechanism whereby fog service providers should be incentivized or penalized based upon the continuous feedback from endpoint devices. We propose a decentralized reverse-bidding scheme developed using the key features of blockchain and smart contracts. We develop a solution that allows the users or devices to initiate the bidding process by making a request for services to be provided by nearby public fog nodes, and these fog nodes to make bid offers in return. The proposed scheme ensures that all fog nodes on the network can equally and fairly make offers to win the bid. The bidding process incorporates the automated payments at the end of the service. Our solution is implemented using Ethereum smart contracts. It also integrates a reputation system for fog nodes and imposes a penalty for misbehaving nodes. Our solution is fully decentralized and provides a high level of trust, transparency, and security. In the paper, we present the system architecture, implementation details, and show the correct functionality of the overall proposed solution. In addition, we provide performance, cost, and security analyses of the smart contract code to demonstrate its effectiveness and robustness against major security concerns. The results show that the cost of running the smart contract remained less than three cents with the current Ethereum price (i.e., 183.22 USD/Eth). We have also made our smart contract code publicly available on Github. 1

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Towards Auction-Based Function Placement in Serverless Fog Platforms

Cited by 40 publications

References 108 publications

From zero to fog: Efficient engineering of fog‐based Internet of Things applications

From zero to fog: Efficient engineering of fog‐based Internet of Things applications

Secure FaaS orchestration in the fog: how far are we?

Blockchain-Based Decentralized Reverse Bidding in Fog Computing

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