“…Even when severe cases of abuse are detected via X-rays, official reporting in Ghana can be hindered by fear of retaliation (Antwi et al, 2019) or to “save face” (Abdullah, Emery, et al, 2020; Abdullah, Manful, et al, 2020). As in many developing countries, child protection services in Ghana are under-resourced (Krueger et al, 2014), and protection principles are mainly borrowed from Western concepts without consideration of important local cultural characteristics (Manful, Abdullah, Cudjoe, 2020; Manful, Cudjoe, Abdullah, 2020). Unsurprisingly, these systems prove to be difficult and costly to implement and are only able to touch the tip of the child maltreatment iceberg (Krueger et al, 2014).…”