Towards human-oriented norms: Considering the effects of noise exposure on board ships

Abstract

This version is available at https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/56137/ Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde. Unless otherwise explicitly stated on the manuscript, Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Please check the manuscript for details of any other licences that may have been applied. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or private study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. automation. This has triggered a trend to decrease the number of crew members on board ships. Nevertheless, 3 these automated systems still require human intervention for interpreting the information or when tasks 4 require decision-making. Therefore, as compared to the past, even though the physical workload of the crew 5 members on today's vessels decreased, the cognitive load is much higher than it used to be. As a result, 6 maintaining the performance of the crew has become more important than before to achieve safe shipping 7 operations. Investigations of the shipping accidents from US, UK, Canada, and Australia showed that human 8 error is the major contributor of shipping accidents where 80 to 85% of all accidents were primarily caused by 9 or associated with human error (Baker and Seah, 2004). As a result of this increased understanding on the 10 importance of the human element, more research was focused on human factors on board ships. AbstractWith modern trends of decrease in crew numbers on board ships together with increased operational demands and paperwork, crew fatigue and comfort have become more critical and are being given more importance. It is well known that environmental factors affect crew comfort and performance. The two outstanding factors which exist in the shipboard environment are vessel motions and noise. As such, the findings and lessons learnt from other industrial sectors are considered to be less relevant for ships. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct focused research to understand the effects of these factors, so that the lessons learnt can be integrated into the ship design process so as to mitigate their adverse effects during vessel operations. Due to obvious performance issues, ship motions and motion sickness research has attracted far more interest than human response to noise. This paper reports the findings of a recent research study undertaken as part of an EU FP7 research project, namely SILENV, which investigated the current levels of crew noise exposure through field studies. Furthermore, developed models on human response to noise on board ships and SILENV green label noise standards are also introduced in comparison with the current normative framework.

Investigation of occupational noise exposure in a ship recycling yard

“…In general, within maritime sector protecting workers against noise exposure is an area which is currently neglected and requires action (Kurt et al, 2016), unfortunately the situation in ship recycling yards is not any different. Further research and the implementation of a comprehensive hearing protection programme are urgently required to prevent further occurrence of ONIHL.…”

Noise Assessment of Small Vessels for Action Planning in Canal Cities

“…In contrast with the flourishing literature and number of mitigation actions for the aforementioned noise sources, very little attention has been paid to addressing noise produced by ports in their surroundings. Most of the scientific studies about noise generated from vessels concern onboard noise [29][30][31] or interference with animal life [32][33][34] and oceanic ambient noise [35,36], since, currently, noise produced underwater is more studied than airborne noise [37][38][39][40]. Overall underwater ship-radiated noise is the sum of propulsion noise, propeller noise, auxiliary noise, and hydrodynamic noise [41], with eventual tonal components caused by the propeller and associated cavitation noise [42].…”

Marine accident learning with fuzzy cognitive maps (MALFCMs) and Bayesian networks

“…For instance, human errors are responsible for at least 66% of the accidents in strategic sectors such as nuclear and aerospace. In addition, they account for more than 80% of accidents within the maritime industry (Graziano et al 2016;Islam et al 2018;Kurt et al 2016;Turan et al 2016).…”