Towards improved monitoring of offshore carbon storage: A real-world field experiment detecting a controlled sub-seafloor CO2 release

Flohr, Anita; Schaap, Allison; Achterberg, Eric P.; Alendal, Guttorm; Arundell, Martin; Berndt, Christian; Blackford, Jerry; Böttner, Christoph; Borisov, Sergey; Brown, R. G.; Bull, Jonathan M.; Carter, Liam; Chen, Baixin; Dale, Andrew W.; Beer, Dirk de; Dean, Marcella; Deusner, Christian; Dewar, Marius; Durden, Jennifer M.; Elsen, Saskia; Espósito, Mario; Faggetter, M.; Fischer, Jan; Gana, Amine; Gros, Jonas; Haeckel, Matthias; Hanz, Rudolf; Holtappels, Moritz; Hosking, Brett; Huvenne, Veerle; James, R. H.; Koopmans, Dirk; Kossel, Elke; Leighton, Timothy G.; Li, Jianghui; Lichtschlag, Anna; Линке, Петер; Loucaides, Socratis; Martínez-Cabanas, María; Matter, Juerg M.; Mesher, Thomas; Monk, Samuel; Mowlem, Matthew C.; Oleynik, Anna; Papadimitriou, Stathys; Paxton, David; Pearce, Christopher R.; Peel, Kate; Roche, Ben; Ruhl, Henry A.; Saleem, Umer; Sands, Carla; Saw, Kevin; Schmidt, Mark; Sommer, Stefan; Strong, James Asa; Triest, Jack; Ungerböck, Birgit; Walk, John; White, P.R.; Widdicombe, Steve; Wilson, Robert E.; Wright, Hannah L.; Wyatt, James; Connelly, Douglas P.

doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2020.103237

Cited by 47 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 60 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Thirty-three LOC sensors were deployed in total measuring Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), Total Alkalinity (TA), pH, nitrate and phosphate on a variety of platforms/vehicles throughout the STEMM-CCS experiment (Research expedition JC180 in particular) (Flohr et al, 2021). This ambitious but successful experiment demonstrated the ability to monitor and quantify the integrity of offshore Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) reservoirs through detecting and measuring the chemical signature of a simulated (but in operation extremely unlikely) leak.…”

Section: Applications and Deploymentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electrochemical sensors for pH (Shitashima et al, 2002;Martz et al, 2010;Easley and Byrne, 2012;Johnson et al, 2016;Briggs et al, 2017;McLaughlin et al, 2017;Gonski et al, 2018;Miller et al, 2018;Takeshita et al, 2018;Saba et al, 2019) are the most mature and widely used in operational oceanography. This is motivated by small size and robustness (Johnson et al, 2016), low power (e.g., 340-400 mW, SeaFET v2, Seabird Scientific, United States), fast response (<5 s, MSFET 3330, Microsens Switzerland) (Flohr et al, 2021), and good metrology performance (precision 0.004 pH, accuracy ± 0.05 pH, SeaFET v2, Seabird Scientific, United States). This has resulted in use on gliders (Saba et al, 2019;Takeshita et al, 2021) and profiling floats (Takeshita et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Industry Partnership: Lab on Chip Chemical Sensor Technology for Ocean Observing

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We introduce for the first time a new product line able to make high accuracy measurements of a number of water chemistry parameters in situ: i.e., submerged in the environment including in the deep sea (to 6,000 m). This product is based on the developments of in situ lab on chip technology at the National Oceanography Centre (NOC), and the University of Southampton and is produced under license by Clearwater Sensors Ltd., a start-up and industrial partner in bringing this technology to global availability and further developing its potential. The technology has already been deployed by the NOC, and with their partners worldwide over 200 times including to depths of ∼4,800 m, in turbid estuaries and rivers, and for up to a year in seasonally ice-covered regions of the arctic. The technology is capable of making accurate determinations of chemical and biological parameters that require reagents and which produce an electrical, absorbance, fluorescence, or luminescence signal. As such it is suitable for a wide range of environmental measurements. Whilst further parameters are in development across this partnership, Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate, Silicate, Iron, and pH sensors are currently available commercially. Theses sensors use microfluidics and optics combined in an optofluidic chip with electromechanical valves and pumps mounted upon it to mix water samples with reagents and measure the optical response. An overview of the sensors and the underlying components and technologies is given together with examples of deployments and integrations with observing platforms such as gliders, autonomous underwater vehicles and moorings.

show abstract

Section: Applications and Deploymentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Industry Partnership: Lab on Chip Chemical Sensor Technology for Ocean Observing

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The first is a high-frequency dataset acquired by LOC sensors mounted on a lander (Fig. 7A; Flohr et al, 2021) situated on the seafloor about 2.6 m to the south of the centre of the CO 2 bubble plumes. The data obtained by these sensors, which were deployed by RV James Cook to monitor the CO 2 bubble plume in the benthic boundary layer (BBL), will be henceforth referred to as the JC180BBL dataset.…”

Section: Monitoring Data Of the Co 2 Releasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other methods were also tested during the STEMM− CCS project to detect, attribute, and quantify the CO 2 release. For instance, natural tracers that are inherent to the injected CO 2 (δ 13 C CO2 , δ 18 O CO2 ) and artificial tracers added to it (Kr, SF 6 , C 3 F 8 ) were tested to identify anomalies originating from the released-CO 2 rather than natural sources (Flohr et al, 2021). Studies on the presentations and comparisons of the performance of the different methods are underway and expected to enter the scientific literature soon.…”

Section: Summary and Concluding Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). The details of different aspects of this unique experiment have been described elsewhere (e.g., Connelly et al, 2019;Dean et al, 2020;Esposito et al, 2021;Flohr et al, 2021). The experiment was carried out at the Goldeneye site (58 • N, 0.4 • W) in the North Sea where a controlled mixture of CO 2 and tracer gases was released into the sediments at 3 m below the seafloor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Detection and Quantification of CO <sub>2</sub> Seepage in Seawater Using the Stoichiometric Cseep Method: Results from a Recent Subsea CO <sub>2</sub> Release Experiment in the North Sea

et al. 2021

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a potential significant mitigation strategy to combat climate change and ocean acidification. The technology is well understood but its current implementation must be scaled up nearly by a hundredfold to become an effective tool that helps meet mitigation targets. Regulations require monitoring and verification at storage sites, and reliable monitoring strategies for detection and quantification of seepage of the stored carbon need to be developed. The C seep method was developed for reliable determination of CO 2 seepage signal in seawater by estimating and filtering out natural variations in dissolved inorganic carbon (C). In this work, we analysed data from the first-ever subsea CO 2 release experiment performed in the north-western North Sea by the EU STEMM− CCS project. We successfully demonstrated the ability of the C seep method to (i) predict natural C variations around the Goldeneye site over seasonal to interannual time scales; (ii) establish a process-based baseline C concentration with minimal variability; (iii) determine CO 2 seepage detection threshold (DT) to reliably differentiate released− CO 2 signal from natural variability and quantify released− CO 2 dissolved in the sampled seawater. DT values were around 20 % of the natural C variations indicating high sensitivity of the method. Moreover, with the availability of DT value, the identification of released− CO 2 required no preknowledge of seepage occurrence, but we used additional available information to assess the confidence of the results. Overall, the C seep method features high sensitivity, automation suitability, and represents a powerful future monitoring tool both for large and confined marine areas.

show abstract

Short‐Duration Events Associated With Active Seabed Methane Venting

Bayrakci,

Bull,

Minshull

et al. 2023

Noisy Oceans

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Towards improved monitoring of offshore carbon storage: A real-world field experiment detecting a controlled sub-seafloor CO2 release

Cited by 47 publications

References 60 publications

Industry Partnership: Lab on Chip Chemical Sensor Technology for Ocean Observing

Industry Partnership: Lab on Chip Chemical Sensor Technology for Ocean Observing

Detection and Quantification of CO <sub>2</sub> Seepage in Seawater Using the Stoichiometric Cseep Method: Results from a Recent Subsea CO <sub>2</sub> Release Experiment in the North Sea

Short‐Duration Events Associated With Active Seabed Methane Venting

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About