“…The design of novel anode materials with excellent performance and low cost can accelerate the commercialization of sodium-ion batteries [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ]. Among the many anode electrode materials of sodium-ion batteries, hard carbon materials have the superiority of high capacity, low price, and low working voltage, and their unique structure is conducive to sodium-ion adsorption and reversible embedding/removal, showing excellent sodium storage performance, making them the most likely anode materials to be commercialized [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. When commercializing hard carbon materials, troubles such as low first-cycle coulombic efficiency, terrible rate performance, and poor cycle stability are also faced [ 58 , 59 , 60 ].…”