Towards integration of hydrolysis, decomposition and electrolysis processes of the Cu–Cl thermochemical water splitting cycle

Wang, Z.; Daggupati, V.N.; Marin, G.; Pope, Kevin; Xiong, Yi; Secnik, E.; Naterer, G.F.; Gabriel, Kamiel

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.02.172

Cited by 24 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…About 200 thermochemical cycles have been reported (Sadhankar et al, 2005;Lewis and Taylor, 2006;Kubo et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2012Brown et al, 2000;Bagajewicz et al, 2009). Although water is introduced in liquid form in some thermochemical cycles such as the Westinghouse S-I cycle (Brecher et al, 1977), Ispra Mark 13 S-Br cycle (Beghi, 1986), and LASL-U cycle (Williams, 1980), in many thermochemical cycles and high temperature electrolytic processes, water vaporization is often an auxiliary process: H 2 O(l) = H 2 O(g), steam generation at 100-130 • C and near-atmospheric pressures…”

Section: Materials and Energy Flows Between Nuclear Reactor And Hydrogmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To achieve a clean hydrogen production, researchers have been developing new methods in the past decades. Among the methods, high temperature electrolysis (HTE) and thermochemical hydrogen production cycles using clean energy to split water thermally through intermediate chemical compounds and reactions have attracted more and more interest (O'Brien et al, 2006;Sadhankar et al, 2005;Lewis and Taylor, 2006;Kubo et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2012. Nuclear energy is considered as a major thermal energy source to meet the heat requirement of high temperature electrolysis and thermochemical cycles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Hazard analysis and safety assurance for the integration of nuclear reactors and thermochemical hydrogen plants

Wang

Secnik

Naterer

2015

Process Safety and Environmental Protection

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Materials and Energy Flows Between Nuclear Reactor And Hydrogmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hazard analysis and safety assurance for the integration of nuclear reactors and thermochemical hydrogen plants

Wang

Secnik

Naterer

2015

Process Safety and Environmental Protection

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…One version of the copper-chlorine cycle for hydrogen production consists of a series of four chemical reactions. One of the steps is crystallization which is employed in step 2 (the drying step), and is given by equation (2) of the following Cu-Cl cycle [1] 2CuCl(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2CuCl2(aq) + H2(g) (electrochemical) at 25-90°C; step 1 (1) 2CuCl2(aq) → 2CuCl2(s) (physical) at 60-200°C; step 2 (2) 2CuCl2(s) + H2O(g) ↔ Cu2OCl2(s) + 2HCl(g) (hydrolysis) at 350-450°C; step 3…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spray drying involves a third material flow such as hydrogen chloride (HCl) that might mix with evaporated water, which is harder to separate in a further process. Also if the spray drying and condensation are associated with vaporization of other components than water that might affect the environment, crystallization may prove preferable [2]- [6] Since the crystallization of CuCl2 requires cooling a solution from a higher temperature to ambient temperature, it is inexpensive because ambient air and cooling water are normally readily available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-ray diffraction of crystallization of copper (II) chloride for improved energy utilization in hydrogen production

Jianu

Lescisin

Wang

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Crystallization is an effective method to recover solids from solution, due to its relatively low energy utilization, low material requirements and lower cost compared to other alternatives. Hence, crystallization is of particular interest in the thermochemical copper-chlorine cycle for hydrogen production as an energy-saving means to extract solid CuCl2 from its aqueous solution. It has been determined from experiments that there is a range of concentrations that will demonstrate crystallization. If the initial concentration exceeds the upper bound of this range, the solution will be saturated and instantly become paste-like without forming crystals. Conversely, if the initial concentrations fall below the lower bound of a specified range, the solution will remain liquid upon cooling. As a result, it has been observed that crystallization does not occur for HCl concentrations below 3M and above 9M. Also, it has been found that anhydrous CuCl2 does not crystallize under any of the conditions tested. To analyze the composition of the recovered solids, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed. It has been determined that an impurity was present before and after the experiment. The samples were also analyzed using thermogravimateric analysis (TGA) in order to determine their thermochemical properties such as melting and decomposition temperatures. The stationary point on the TGA curve was found to be 442 °C which is below the normal melting temperature of CuCl2. Also, the vaporization of the samples was found to be approximately 600 °C.

show abstract

“…Wang et al [19] reported on the integration of electrolysis and hydrolysis steps using crystallization of CuCl2 particles from the electrochemical cell. Leray [20] and Abdel [21] have previously examined the growth kinetics of hydrated copper (II) chloride (CuCl2•nhH2O, where n is the number of hydrated water molecules) and recovery of cupric chloride from spent solutions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in thermochemical hydrogen production with the copper–chlorine cycle

Naterer

Suppiah

Stolberg

et al. 2015

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper presents recent advances by an international team of five countries -Canada, U.S., China, Slovenia and Romania -on the development and scale-up of the copper chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle for thermochemical hydrogen production using nuclear or solar energy. Electrochemical cell analysis and membrane characterization for the CuCl/HCl electrolysis process are presented. Constituent solubility in the ternary CuCl/HCl/H2O system and XRD measurements are reported in regards to the CuCl2 crystallization process. Materials corrosion in high temperature copper chloride salts and performance of coatings of reactor surface alloys are examined. Finally, system integration is examined, with respect to scale-up of unit operations, cascaded heat pumps for heat upgrading, and linkage of heat exchangers with solar and nuclear plants.

show abstract

Towards integration of hydrolysis, decomposition and electrolysis processes of the Cu–Cl thermochemical water splitting cycle

Cited by 24 publications

References 13 publications

Hazard analysis and safety assurance for the integration of nuclear reactors and thermochemical hydrogen plants

Hazard analysis and safety assurance for the integration of nuclear reactors and thermochemical hydrogen plants

X-ray diffraction of crystallization of copper (II) chloride for improved energy utilization in hydrogen production

Progress in thermochemical hydrogen production with the copper–chlorine cycle

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About