Towards Large-Scale Quantum Networks

Kozłowski, Wojciech; Wehner, Stephanie

doi:10.1145/3345312.3345497

Cited by 108 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(105 reference statements)

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“…The second quantum revolution is currently unfolding across the scientific world [27]. It brings with it the promise of a quantum internet, a global network capable of transmitting quantum data [54,92]. Figure 1: Quantum networks will use existing network infrastructure to exchange classical messages for the purposes of running quantum protocols as well as the control and management of the network itself.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing a quantum network protocol

Kozłowski

Dahlberg

Wehner

2020

Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies

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103

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The second quantum revolution brings with it the promise of a quantum internet. As the first quantum network hardware prototypes near completion new challenges emerge. A functional network is more than just the physical hardware, yet work on scalable quantum network systems is in its infancy. In this paper we present a quantum network protocol designed to enable end-to-end quantum communication in the face of the new fundamental and technical challenges brought by quantum mechanics. We develop a quantum data plane protocol that enables end-to-end quantum communication and can serve as a building block for more complex services. One of the key challenges in near-term quantum technology is decoherence-the gradual decay of quantum information-which imposes extremely stringent limits on storage times. Our protocol is designed to be efficient in the face of short quantum memory lifetimes. We demonstrate this using a simulator for quantum networks and show that the protocol is able to deliver its service even in the face of significant losses due to decoherence. Finally, we conclude by showing that the protocol remains functional on the extremely resource limited hardware that is being developed today underlining the timeliness of this work. CCS CONCEPTS • Networks → Network protocol design; Network layer protocols; • Hardware → Quantum communication and cryptography.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing a quantum network protocol

Kozłowski

Dahlberg

Wehner

2020

Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies

Self Cite

103

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“…However, while quantum repeaters can be realized without the necessity of quantum memories [1,3], these units, in fact, are required for guaranteeing an optimal performance in any high-performance quantum networking scenario [3, 4, 8-22, 27-30, 32-39]. Therefore, the utilization of quantum memories still represents a fundamental problem in the quantum Internet [41][42][43][44][45][126][127][128][129][130], since the near-term quantum devices (such as quantum repeaters [5,6,9,39,76,77,79,82,84]) and gate-model quantum computers [23][24][25][26][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] have to store the quantum states in their local quantum memories [55,. The main problem here is the efficient readout of the stored quantum systems and the low retrieval efficiency of these systems from the quantum registers of the quantum memory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing High-Efficiency Quantum Memory with Quantum Machine Learning for Near-Term Quantum Devices

Gyöngyösi

Imre

2020

Sci Rep

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Quantum memories are a fundamental of any global-scale quantum Internet, high-performance quantum networking and near-term quantum computers. A main problem of quantum memories is the low retrieval efficiency of the quantum systems from the quantum registers of the quantum memory. Here, we define a novel quantum memory called high-retrieval-efficiency (HRE) quantum memory for near-term quantum devices. An HRE quantum memory unit integrates local unitary operations on its hardware level for the optimization of the readout procedure and utilizes the advanced techniques of quantum machine learning. We define the integrated unitary operations of an HRE quantum memory, prove the learning procedure, and evaluate the achievable output signal-to-noise ratio values. We prove that the local unitaries of an HRE quantum memory achieve the optimization of the readout procedure in an unsupervised manner without the use of any labeled data or training sequences. We show that the readout procedure of an HRE quantum memory is realized in a completely blind manner without any information about the input quantum system or about the unknown quantum operation of the quantum register. We evaluate the retrieval efficiency of an HRE quantum memory and the output SNR (signalto-noise ratio). The results are particularly convenient for gate-model quantum computers and the near-term quantum devices of the quantum Internet.1. We define a novel quantum memory called high-retrieval-efficiency (HRE) quantum memory.2. An HRE quantum memory unit integrates local unitary operations on its hardware level for the optimization of the readout procedure and utilizes the advanced techniques of quantum machine learning.3. We define the integrated unitary operations of an HRE quantum memory, prove the learning procedure, and evaluate the achievable output signal-to-noise ratio values. We prove that local unitaries of an HRE quantum memory achieve the optimization of the readout procedure in an unsupervised manner without the use of any labeled data or training sequences.4. We evaluate the retrieval efficiency of an HRE quantum memory and the output SNR.5. The proposed results are convenient for gate-model quantum computers and near-term quantum devices.This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 defines the system model and the problem statement. Section 3 evaluates the integrated local unitary operations of an HRE quantum memory. Section 4 proposes the retrieval efficiency in terms of the achievable output SNR values. Finally, Section 5 concludes the results. Supplemental material is included in the Appendix.

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“…The quantum Internet is modeled as a global-scale quantum communication network composed of quantum subnetworks and networking components. The core network of the quantum Internet is assumed to be an entangled network structure [15,20,21,24,25,27,28,[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47], which is a communication network in which the quantum nodes are connected by entangled connections. An entangled connection refers to a shared entangled system (i.e., a Bell state for qubit systems to connect two quantum nodes) between the quantum nodes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Entanglement accessibility measures for the quantum Internet

Gyöngyösi

Imre

2020

Quantum Inf Process

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We define metrics and measures to characterize the ratio of accessible quantum entanglement for complex network failures in the quantum Internet. A complex network failure models a situation in the quantum Internet in which a set of quantum nodes and a set of entangled connections become unavailable. A complex failure can cover a quantum memory failure, a physical link failure, an eavesdropping activity, or any other random physical failure scenario. Here, we define the terms entanglement accessibility ratio, cumulative probability of entanglement accessibility ratio, probabilistic reduction of entanglement accessibility ratio, domain entanglement accessibility ratio, and occurrence coefficient. The proposed methods can be applied to an arbitrary topology quantum network to extract relevant statistics and to handle the quantum network failure scenarios in the quantum Internet. IntroductionAs quantum computers evolves significantly [1-10], there arises a fundamental need for a communication network that provides unconditionally secure communication and all the network functions of the traditional internet. This network structure is the quantum Internet [11][12][13][14][15]22]. The availability of quantum entanglement is a crucial aspect in any global-scale quantum Internet. The quantum Internet refers to a set of connected heterogeneous quantum communication networks realized by quantum nodes and channels (such as optical fibers or wireless optical quantum channels in the physical layer) [16,[59][60][61][62][63][64]. The quantum Internet also integrates a set of classical auxiliary communication channels to transmit auxiliary classical side-information between the quantum nodes. The quantum Internet is modeled as a global-scale quantum communication network composed of quantum subnetworks and networking components. The core network of the quantum Internet is assumed to be an entangled network structure [15,20,21,24,25,27,28,[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47], which is a communication network in which the quantum nodes are connected by entangled connections. An entangled connection refers to a shared entangled system (i.e., a Bell state for qubit systems to connect two quantum nodes) between the quantum nodes. In an unentangled network structure, the quantum nodes are not necessarily connected by entanglement [16,78], and the communication between the nodes is realized in a point-to-point setting. This setting does not allow quantum communication over arbitrary distances, and an unentangled network structure can mostly be used for establishing a point-to-point quantum key distribution (QKD) [70,103] between the quantum nodes. These short distances can be extended to longer distances by the utilization of free-space quantum channels [15,70]. However, this solution is auxiliary, since it can be used only at some specific points of the unentangled network structure. Therefore, it does not represent an adequate and fundamental answer to the problem of long-distance quantum communication. Consequently, in an unentangl...

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Towards Large-Scale Quantum Networks

Cited by 108 publications

References 78 publications

Designing a quantum network protocol

Designing a quantum network protocol

Optimizing High-Efficiency Quantum Memory with Quantum Machine Learning for Near-Term Quantum Devices

Entanglement accessibility measures for the quantum Internet

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