“…Likewise, other studies (Börzel 2002;Keating & Jones 1995;Kelleher et al 1999) have shown that the local and regional mobilization effect induced by the EU is differentiated, 'depending on the power resources of sub-national actors in the different national contexts of federal/regionalized or unitary member states' or on the 'existence of regional policy communities advocating an entrepreneurial approach of regional development' (Brusis 2002, p. 534). Particularly in those countries where regional tiers are weakly equipped or absent (for example, the UK, Greece, Portugal, and most of the CEEC), the national level has tried to act as a gate-keeper by channeling contacts through central ministries and constraining the powers of sub-national actors (Bache 1998(Bache , 2004(Bache , 2008Bache & Jordan 2006;Getimis & Demetropoulou 2004;Sturm & Dieringer 2005). However, over the years, the EU has still had an impact on subnational mobilization even in some traditionally centralized member states, as evidence from Ireland shows (Bache 2008, pp.…”