Towards new material biomarkers for fracture risk

Greenwood, Charlene; Clement, John G.; Dicken, Anthony; Evans, Paul; Lyburn, Iain; Martin, Richard M.; Rogers, Keith; Stone, Nick; Zioupos, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.bone.2016.09.006

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 80 publications

(115 reference statements)

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“…Other ions can also substitute into the apatite lattice, causing changes to density, for example fluoride (F - ), but these substitutions are thought to be at a much lower level than carbonate. This is consistent with previous research which reported a significant increase in the carbonate content of fracture tissue when compared to age matched non-fracture specimens [39].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Many studies have investigated various parameters associated with bone mineral chemistry, although many report conflicting results. For example, hydroxyapatite (HA) crystallite size has been reported to increase [17, 24, 52, 53], decrease [39, 54] or remain constant [20] with age and in osteoporotic tissue. For the non-fracture group, this study did not demonstrate any change of v TMD with age.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overall the strategy was to select random samples with respect to femoral head location although each sample was cut to include tissue from at least two quadrants of the head. For further information regarding sample preparation refer to [39]. The volume of the specimens ranged from approximately 1 - 3.5 cm 3 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Age-Related Changes in Femoral Head Trabecular Microarchitecture

Greenwood¹,

Clement²,

Dicken³

et al. 2018

Aging and disease

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Osteoporosis is a prevalent bone condition, characterised by low bone mineral density and increased fracture risk. Currently, the gold standard for identifying osteoporosis and increased fracture risk is through quantification of bone mineral density using dual energy X-ray absorption. However, many studies have shown that bone strength, and consequently the probability of fracture, is a combination of both bone mass and bone ‘quality’ (architecture and material chemistry). Although the microarchitecture of both non-fracture and osteoporotic bone has been previously investigated, many of the osteoporotic studies are constrained by factors such as limited sample number, use of ovariectomised animal models, and lack of male and female discrimination. This study reports significant differences in bone quality with respect to the microarchitecture between fractured and non-fractured human femur specimens. Micro-computed tomography was utilised to investigate the microarchitecture of femoral head trabecular bone from a relatively large cohort of non-fracture and fracture human donors. Various microarchitectural parameters have been determined for both groups, providing an understanding of the differences between fracture and non -fracture material. The microarchitecture of non-fracture and fracture bone tissue is shown to be significantly different for many parameters. Differences between sexes also exist, suggesting differences in remodelling between males and females in the fracture group. The results from this study will, in the future, be applied to develop a fracture model which encompasses bone density, architecture and material chemical properties for both female and male tissues.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Age-Related Changes in Femoral Head Trabecular Microarchitecture

Greenwood¹,

Clement²,

Dicken³

et al. 2018

Aging and disease

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The increase in mineral www.nature.com/scientificreports/ content is the most apparent change. However, this is related to a number of modifications in crystallite size and overall crystallinity [40][41][42][43] . This is in part due to the effect of impaired remodelling with age, osteocalcin 43,44 , and changes in hydroxyapatite composition, such as the reduction in a-axis length with the increase in carbonate substitution as well as the increase in overall crystal size 41,[45][46][47] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age related changes of rib cortical bone matrix and the application to forensic age-at-death estimation

Bonicelli

Zioupos

Arnold

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Forensic anthropology includes, amongst other applications, the positive identification of unknown human skeletal remains. The first step in this process is an assessment of the biological profile, that is: sex, age, stature and ancestry. In forensic contexts, age estimation is one of the main challenges in the process of identification. Recently established admissibility criteria are driving researchers towards standardisation of methodological procedures. Despite these changes, experience still plays a central role in anthropological examinations. In order to avoid this issue, age estimation procedures (i) must be presented to the scientific community and published in peer reviewed journals, (ii) accurately explained in terms of procedure and (iii) present clear information about the accuracy of the estimation and possible error rates. In order to fulfil all these requirements, a number of methods based on physiological processes which result in biochemical changes in various tissue structures at the molecular level, such as modifications in DNA-methylation and telomere shortening, racemization of proteins and stable isotopes analysis, have been developed. The current work proposes a new systematic approach in age estimation based on tracing physicochemical and mechanical degeneration of the rib cortical bone matrix. This study used autopsy material from 113 rib specimens. A set of 33 parameters were measured by standard bio-mechanical (nanoindentation and microindentation), physical (TGA/DSC, XRD and FTIR) and histomorphometry (porosity-ImageJ) methods. Stepwise regressions were used to create equations that would produce the best ‘estimates of age at death’ vs real age of the cadavers. Five equations were produced; in the best of cases an equation counting 7 parameters had an R2 = 0.863 and mean absolute error of 4.64 years. The present method meets all the admissibility criteria previously described. Furthermore, the method is experience-independent and as such can be performed without previous expert knowledge of forensic anthropology and human anatomy.

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“…R 2 values indicated in parentheses after arrow when provided. Elastic modulus " (0.53) [89,116] " [89] No relationship [117] " (0) [89] " (0.49) [96] Ultimate compressive strength " (0.89) [89] " [89] " [89] Fracture toughness " [25] (þ0.41 men, þ0.29 women)…”

Section: Stiffness and Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Ultralow‐Density Cellular Solids: Lessons from 30 years of Bone Biomechanics Research

2021

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Recent advances in manufacturing of microarchitectured materials have begun to overcome longstanding challenges in materials engineering to create porous materials that are simultaneously lightweight, strong, stiff, and flaw-tolerant. Novel manufacturing techniques now enable materials with lattice structures to be constructed at lower densities with higher resolutions than previously possible. In parallel, extensive materials characterization of lightweight porous biological materials-such as bone, wood, bamboo, and sponges-has enabled identification of common strategies to achieve high specific stiffness, strength, and impact energy absorption. [1,2] Although the details of the structures of these materials vary considerably, these key mechanical properties arise from two common microstructural features: 1) a multiscale hierarchical structure that spans the nano-to the microscale (Figure 2) and 2) tolerance of flaws below a critical characteristic material length scale. [3] Materials engineers are now poised to combine novel manufacturing techniques with biomimetic materials design strategies to develop synthetic engineering materials with properties that were previously unachievable.Understanding the load-bearing properties of these novel low-density microarchitectured materials is necessary to translate them to engineering design applications. In general, the microscale properties of the solid constituent material are known, but the millimeter-scale mechanical properties of the porous cellular solid are unknown and require assessment. Although standard experimental and computational analyses are adequate for high-and medium-density microarchitectured materials, a substantial literature from the bone biomechanics community demonstrates that 1) standard approaches can result in large errors in characterization of low-and ultralow-density porous materials, and 2) adjustments to experimental and computational methods for low-and ultralow-density porous materials improve accuracy and precision of these approaches.Solutions from the bone biomechanics community are applicable to low-density synthetic materials. We aim to offer information on the relationship between microarchitecture and mechanical properties in low-density bone that is primarily reported in the medical literature, often in the context of bone biology or clinical research and not summarized in a manner that is immediately useful to materials scientists. The goal of this article is to provide a review of the past 30 years of cancellous bone biomechanics with the intent of presenting an example of methodologies for characterizing the structure and mechanical performance of a low-density porous microarchitectured material. In particular, we answer three key questions: 1

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Towards new material biomarkers for fracture risk

Cited by 21 publications

References 80 publications

Age-Related Changes in Femoral Head Trabecular Microarchitecture

Age-Related Changes in Femoral Head Trabecular Microarchitecture

Age related changes of rib cortical bone matrix and the application to forensic age-at-death estimation

Characterization of Ultralow‐Density Cellular Solids: Lessons from 30 years of Bone Biomechanics Research

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