“…Identification using microchips is generally more accurate, but as an invasive approach, it is hurtful to red pandas and unfriendly to operate. With the rapid development of computer vision technology in the past decade, some researchers attempt to automatically identify individuals of specific species based on images of the animals [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. Following the pipeline of typical pattern recognition systems, they extract discriminative features from certain body parts of the animals, compute the similarity scores between images of the animals based on the extracted features, and finally determine the identities of the individual animals in the images according to their similarity scores with the reference images.…”