Towards operationalising internal distractibility (Mind Wandering) in adults with ADHD

Biederman, Joseph; Fitzgerald, Maura; Uchida, Mai; Spencer, Thomas; Fried, Roland; Wicks, Jennifer; Saunders, Alexandra; Faraone, Stephen V.

doi:10.1017/neu.2016.70

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Although this might seem surprising, this is in fact similar to the validation study of the MEWS in adults with ADHD (Mowlem et al , ), and a large population survey found that MEWS scores were correlated to a similar degree with inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity (both around r = .70; Mowlem et al , ). This is in contrast to a study in adults using a different MW scale, the 5‐item Mind‐Wandering Scale (MWS) which found larger associations between MW and the inattentive dimension (Biederman et al , ). The diverging results may be due to differences in how the items are phrased in the two scales.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 96%

“…However, excessive or uncontrollable MW has been associated with deficits in cognitive, emotional and educational domains, including deficient working memory (McVay & Kane, ; Mrazek et al , ), psychopathological symptoms (Vannikov‐Lugassi & Soffer‐Dudek, ), low mood (Mrazek, Phillips, Franklin, Broadway, & Schooler, ), emotional dysregulation (Mowlem et al , ), poor reading comprehension (Mrazek et al , ) and lower academic achievement (Seli, Wammes, Risko, & Smilek, ). In addition, elevated levels of spontaneous MW have been found in individuals with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; e.g., Biederman et al , ; Mowlem et al , ; Weyandt et al , ) and associated with ADHD symptoms in community samples (Franklin et al , ; Seli et al , ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mind‐wandering in children with and without ADHD

Frick

Asherson²,

Brocki

2019

British J Clinic Psychol

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Objectives. Mind-wandering (MW) is a commonly experienced phenomenon, characterized by focus of attention drifting away from the present situation to intrinsically originated thoughts. Studies in adults show that MW is related to ADHD symptoms, but this association is understudied in children. We set out to investigate the associations of MW in children with and without ADHD and to simultaneously validate the self-report Mind Excessively Wandering Scale (MEWS) in children.Design. We used a cross-sectional, correlational, design to examine the research questions.Methods. The sample consisted of 82 children (61 boys) aged 8-13 years (m = 10.46), of which 35 had a diagnosis of ADHD. Children rated MW; parents and teachers rated ADHD symptoms, emotion regulation and academic achievement. Working memory was assessed with Digit Span.Results. MW was positively related to ADHD symptoms, and the MEWS could differentiate between cases and controls with a sensitivity of 0.71 and specificity of 0.81. Psychometric properties of the MEWS were satisfactory. In addition, MW contributed independently to working memory (R 2 D = .05, p = .01) and emotion regulation (R 2 D = .04, p = .04) beyond ADHD symptoms.Conclusions. MW is elevated in children with ADHD and contributes to functional domains. The MEWS is a valid tool for assessing MW in children, and the results are mostly comparable to that of adults (Mowlem et al., 2016, Journal of Attention Disorders, 23, 624), suggesting a similar relationship of MW to ADHD across the lifespan. Practitioner pointsSpontaneous mind-wandering is elevated in children with ADHD compared to children without a diagnosis. Elevated spontaneous mind-wandering predicts lower working memory, emotion regulation and academic achievement beyond ADHD symptoms, IQ and socio-economic status. Clinicians should consider evaluating excessive spontaneous mind-wandering and targeting it as an important outcome when treating children with ADHD. The MEWS is a valid tool for assessing excessive mind-wandering in children.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 96%

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confidence: 99%

Mind‐wandering in children with and without ADHD

Frick

Asherson²,

Brocki

2019

British J Clinic Psychol

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“…This has also been observed in a large connectomic multi-site resting state analysis (ADHD200) where 133 ADHD children, relative to 288 healthy controls, had poorer functional connectivity within ventral and dorsal attention networks and poorer anti-correlation between task-positive networks and the DMN which was associated with a delay in functional maturation based on age by ADHD interaction findings (Sripada et al., 2014a). This evidence of poor deactivation of the DMN during cognitive task performance based on fMRI studies is in line with behavioural studies showing abnormally increased mind-wandering in ADHD patients as shown in self-ratings on mind-wandering scales (Biederman et al., 2017; Mowlem et al., 2016; Seli et al., 2015).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Functional connectivity changes associated with fMRI neurofeedback of right inferior frontal cortex in adolescents with ADHD

et al. 2019

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with poor self-control, underpinned by inferior fronto-striatal deficits. We showed previously that 18 ADHD adolescents over 11 runs of 8.5 min of real-time functional magnetic resonance neurofeedback of the right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) progressively increased activation in 2 regions of the rIFC which was associated with clinical symptom improvement. In this study, we used functional connectivity analyses to investigate whether fMRI-Neurofeedback of rIFC resulted in dynamic functional connectivity changes in underlying neural networks.Whole-brain seed-based functional connectivity analyses were conducted using the two clusters showing progressively increased activation in rIFC as seed regions to test for changes in functional connectivity before and after 11 fMRI-Neurofeedback runs. Furthermore, we tested whether the resulting functional connectivity changes were associated with clinical symptom improvements and whether they were specific to fMRI-Neurofeedback of rIFC when compared to a control group who had to self-regulate another region.rIFC showed increased positive functional connectivity after relative to before fMRI-Neurofeedback with dorsal caudate and anterior cingulate and increased negative functional connectivity with regions of the default mode network (DMN) such as posterior cingulate and precuneus. Furthermore, the functional connectivity changes were correlated with clinical improvements and the functional connectivity and correlation findings were specific to the rIFC-Neurofeedback group.The findings show for the first time that fMRI-Neurofeedback of a typically dysfunctional frontal region in ADHD adolescents leads to strengthening within fronto-cingulo-striatal networks and to weakening of functional connectivity with posterior DMN regions and that this may be underlying clinical improvement.

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“…Four adult studies differentiated between spontaneous and deliberate mind wandering. These latter studies found a positive association between ADHD symptoms and levels of spontaneous mind wandering (Arabaci & Parris, 2018; Biederman et al, 2017; Mowlem et al, 2019; Seli, Smallwood, Cheyne, & Smilek, 2015). One study (Franklin et al, 2017) differentiated detrimental versus useful mind wandering and found that individuals with high ADHD symptoms engaged in more detrimental mind wandering.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Three studies examined the specific symptom domains of ADHD that correlated with mind wandering. One of such studies used data from a clinical sample (Biederman et al, 2017) and found that inattentive ADHD scores were the most strongly correlated ADHD symptoms with mind wandering scores. The second study (Jonkman et al, 2017) found a relationship between ADHD inattention symptoms and mind wandering but not for hyperactivity–impulsivity symptoms.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mind Wandering (Internal Distractibility) in ADHD: A Literature Review

2019

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Objective: Mind wandering, the unintended shifting of attention from a task, has been previously associated with symptoms of ADHD. To this end, we conducted a literature search to investigate the association between mind wandering and ADHD. Method: We conducted a systematic search of the literature of relevant articles assessing mind wandering and ADHD in PubMed, PsycINFO/OVID, and Medline. Included were original articles in English that had operationalized definitions of ADHD and mind wandering, adequate sample size, and reliance on statistical evaluation of findings. Excluded were reviews, opinions, and case reports. Results: Only nine studies met our a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria ( N = 8 in adults; N = 1 in pediatrics). Findings suggest that ADHD is frequently associated with spontaneous mind wandering and when present heralds more functional impairments. Conclusion: The limited research on mind wandering in ADHD indicates that it is prevalent and morbid supporting further research on the subject.

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Towards operationalising internal distractibility (Mind Wandering) in adults with ADHD

Abstract: Results suggest a way to operationalise mind wandering using the symptoms of ADHD.

Cited by 21 publications

References 21 publications

Mind‐wandering in children with and without ADHD

Mind‐wandering in children with and without ADHD

Functional connectivity changes associated with fMRI neurofeedback of right inferior frontal cortex in adolescents with ADHD

Mind Wandering (Internal Distractibility) in ADHD: A Literature Review

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