“…In keeping with this trend, this study as well as other current research in MLIR shifts the focus from a system-oriented approach to a more user centered approach that emphasizes user experience and user perception: in this case, the emphasis is less on the language proficiency (primarily English) of the user or their search expertise. For MLIR system users, some studies have proposed developing Personalized Multilingual Information Retrieval models (PMLIR) that take into consideration factors such as users' browsing and search behavior (Ghorab, Zhou, Steichen, & Wade, 2011;Steichen, Ghorab, O'Connor, Lawless, & Wade, 2014).…”