Towards Realisation of a Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Sensor Using Microstripline

Abstract

In this paper, the design of a microwave based noninvasive glucose sensor at the operating frequency of 19 GHz is presented. Worldwide, about 451 million adults suffer from diabetes. For optimal therapy, people with diabetes should monitor their blood glucose level continuously over the day. For that purpose non-invasive microwave based glucose sensors are under research. Non-invasive microwave based glucose sensors must automatically perform continuous measurements with a high and stable accuracy. However, there exists no reliable noninvasive microwave based glucose sensor up to now.The proposed sensor is designed based on a two-port microstripline (MSL) network. Water with various glucose concentration from 0 to 500 mg/dl is placed in a slot between the two ports. The simulation results show that the phase change in the reflection coefficient for the various glucose concentration depends on the matching. The measurement of the glucose concentration 10 mg/dl can be realized by applying a taper ground plane as a matching technique decreasing reflections at the interface between the microstripline substrate and the water.The proposed sensor achieves a sensitivity of 2 °phase change per 10 mg/dl glucose concentration variation. In the future, the simulation results should be validated in an experimental setup.

Sensitivity evaluation of miniature microstrip line‐based sensors using multiple sensing parameters for non‐invasive blood glucose monitoring

“…As compared with other studies, Table 2 shows that the proposed sensors outperform the existing ones in terms of increasing sensitivity based on the phase measurement parameter. The sensitivity of the proposed sensors is further higher than those reported in other references [32, 60, 61]. According to Table 2, the glucose concentration range of the sensors reported in other articles [32, 61] is close to this work, but there are significant differences in the value of sensitivity, probably due to different operating frequencies and sample volumes tested, which have not been reported.…”

Microwave Planar Resonant Solutions for Glucose Concentration Sensing: A Systematic Review

“…An interesting design aimed at measurements in human fingers was presented in that work. A similar microstrip line-based approach was studied in [153] by means of full-wave simulations, hitherto lacking experimental validation. A microstrip line-based sensor was proposed in [154] for measuring aqueous glucose solutions at several frequencies using a pseudorandom noise driving system.…”

Feasibility Study of Glucose Concentration Measurement of Aqueous Solution Using Time Domain Reflected Signals

“…Among methods that have been studied for non-invasive glucose monitoring, microwave spectroscopy (MS) is one of the most popular techniques. Because, as it was mentioned in [ 15 ], “in the microwave range, the electromagnetic waves can deeply penetrate the human tissue regions, where the main blood vessels are located”. MS can be divided into two types based on their frequency range, wideband method, and resonant method.…”

“…Most of the MS-based glucose-sensing research is based on the resonant method [ 2 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 15 ]. The whole concept of these references is measuring the resonant frequency shift by changing glucose concentration.…”

“…Water and glucose mixture has been used instead of the blood sample in all the measurements. It is worth mentioning that water has been used in various researches instead of the blood sample [ 6 , 9 , 15 , 18 , 19 , 28 , 29 ]. The change of blood plasma permittivity for various glucose concentrations is comparable with that of water for different glucose contents [ 30 ].…”