Towards standardizing the preparation of test specimens made with material extrusion: Review of current techniques for tensile testing

Phillips, Clara; Kortschot, Mark T.; Azhari, Fae

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2022.103050

Cited by 15 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…34 This guideline is particularly relevant for 3D printing materials, which may exhibit anisotropic behavior depending on the printing parameters and the material properties. 24,34 For this reason, at least 10 specimens were produced for each studied geometry.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The available standards do not cover 3D printing by their recommendations, especially when it comes to 3D MEX‐related manufacturing processes. Many of them establish several types of geometries to determine the mechanical properties for manufacturing polymeric materials by extrusion (despite being related, it diverges because the extrusion head does not move like in 3D printing), injection molding, die‐cutting, lamination, and machining 24 . For example, ASTM D638‐14 presents five possible geometries and recommendations for sample thickness for molded and machined specimens 25 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[20][21][22] Other standards, such as ASTM D3039/ D3039M-14, were used by Depuydt et al 23 and ISO 37 by Dizon, J. R. C. et al 22 Other authors, such as Tang C. et al, 9 did not use a specific standard for mechanical tests but used a dumbbell-shaped specimen designed for their work. According to Phillips, Kortschot & Azhari, 24 materials testing standards for specimens made by extrusion are incomplete; the authors also noted that the test specimen preparation procedures found in the literature are inconsistent.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of them establish several types of geometries to determine the mechanical properties for manufacturing polymeric materials by extrusion (despite being related, it diverges because the extrusion head does not move like in 3D printing), injection molding, die-cutting, lamination, and machining. 24 For example, ASTM D638-14 presents five possible geometries and recommendations for sample thickness for molded and machined specimens. 25 ISO 527/2 suggests that, when possible, a dumbbell Type 1A should be used as a multipurpose specimen for injection molding processes and Type 1B for machined ones.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative analysis of specimen geometries in material extrusion 3D printing: Implications for mechanical property evaluation

Neivock,

Gomide,

Nogueira

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This study investigated the influence of specimen geometry on the mechanical properties of 3D‐printed parts by material extrusion (MEX). Four widely used technical standards were evaluated (ASTM D638, ASTM D3039/D3039M‐14, ISO 527/2, and ISO 37), and all possible geometries were tested. The specimens were subjected to uniaxial tensile loading using a universal testing machine to obtain the mechanical properties of ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and Young modulus. Mean, , and values, as well as (number of specimens tested to reach at least 10 valid data) are geometry‐dependent. A critical analysis of these data allowed proposing the standard evaluation index () of the specimen geometry (standard) based on data variance and test efficiency to achieve valid data. The results indicate that ASTM D638 performed better than any other standard. For investigations involving the mechanical properties of tensile strength Types I and II (ASTM D638) are the most recommended specimens geometry (standard) for 3D MEX printing because it combines the lowest with the minimum . By following it, researchers and material suppliers can ensure accurate and reliable assessments of the mechanical properties of 3D‐printed parts, contributing to increased safety, reliability, and quality in additive manufacturing. Notes: MEX – Material Extrusion, ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials, ISO – International Organization for Standardization, SD – Standard Deviation, CV – Coefficient of Variation, – Number of specimens tested to reach at least 10 valid data, – Standard Evaluation Index.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative analysis of specimen geometries in material extrusion 3D printing: Implications for mechanical property evaluation

Neivock,

Gomide,

Nogueira

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Deformation and load data are automatically recorded in a computer system. The test speed was kept as 0.50 mm/min for all the specimens as suggested by the test standard [38,39]. The dimensions of the specimens subjected to the tensile test are given in Figure 8.…”

Section: Tensile Strength Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Different Process Parameters of PLA+ on Tensile Strengths in 3D Printer Produced by Fused Deposition Modeling

YILAN

Şahin

Koç

et al. 2023

ECJSE

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Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a three-dimensional (3D) printing technique in which parts are produced with thermoplastic polymer layers in a highly controlled manner. However, the production of ready-made parts using FDM is quite tricky. At the same time, the mechanical properties of parts printed with current print parameters and low-cost 3D printers also vary. The quality and mechanical characteristics of the final part are influenced by production parameters such as the extrusion temperature, infill density, infill pattern, print speed, and layer height. This study focused on the effects of the infill pattern, infill density and print speed parameters on the tensile strength and production time of model structures printed with PLA+ material. The tensile strength of the printed parts have been determined by a WDM-100E model tensile testing machine. In addition, the tensile strengths and production times of the parts have been optimized by the signal-to-noise (SN) ratio analysis. The results reveal that triangle infill pattern exhibits the best tensile strength at 40 mm/sec printing speed and 100% infill density. On the other hand, the lowest production time is observed in the gyroid infill pattern.

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Introduction to Computed Tomography: Application to the Inspection of Material Extruded Tensile Testing Specimens

Alonso,

López,

Álvarez

et al. 2024

Materials Forming, Machining and Tribology

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Towards standardizing the preparation of test specimens made with material extrusion: Review of current techniques for tensile testing

Cited by 15 publications

References 74 publications

Comparative analysis of specimen geometries in material extrusion 3D printing: Implications for mechanical property evaluation

Comparative analysis of specimen geometries in material extrusion 3D printing: Implications for mechanical property evaluation

The Effects of Different Process Parameters of PLA+ on Tensile Strengths in 3D Printer Produced by Fused Deposition Modeling

Introduction to Computed Tomography: Application to the Inspection of Material Extruded Tensile Testing Specimens

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