Towards Successful Realization of the LDACS Cybersecurity Architecture: An Updated Datalink Security Threat- And Risk Analysis

Mäurer, Nils; Schmitt, Corinna

doi:10.1109/icnsurv.2019.8735139

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…2). Two different security mechanisms, proposed for LDACS in [33], were implemented to secure first the applications using pointto-point communications, i.e., CPDLC, ADS-C, and audio transmission, and second the applications using broadcasts, i.e., GBAS.…”

Section: Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

LDACS Flight Trials: Demonstration and Performance Analysis of the Future Aeronautical Communications System

Bellido-Manganell

Gräupl

Heirich

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst.

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The L-band Digital Aeronautical Communications System (LDACS) is a key enabler of the new air traffic services and operational concepts necessary for the modernization of the air traffic management (ATM). After its initial design, compatibility tests with legacy L-band systems, and functional demonstrations in the laboratory, the system is currently undergoing the standardization process of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). However, LDACS has not been demonstrated in flight yet. In this paper, we present the first in-flight demonstration of LDACS, which took place in March and April 2019 in southern Germany and included four LDACS ground stations and one LDACS airborne station. We detail the experimental setup of the implemented LDACS ground and airborne stations together with the flight routes, the conducted experiments, and the frequency planning to ensure compatibility with legacy systems. In addition, we describe the demonstrated ATM applications and the security measures used to protect them. Based on the obtained measurement results, we evaluate the LDACS in-flight communication performance for the first time, including the achieved communication range, the measured end-to-end message latency, and the LDACS capability to provide quality of service by effectively prioritizing safety-relevant data traffic. Furthermore, we use the in-flight received signal power to assess the applicability of a theoretical path loss model. These flight trials contribute to the final steps in the development of LDACS by providing its in-flight communication performance and by demonstrating: first, its correct functionality in a realistic environment; second, its capability of supporting ATM applications and the advanced security measures that can be used to protect them; and third, its spectrum compatibility with legacy systems. We conclude that LDACS is ready to support ATM operations and that LDACS frequency planning can safeguard legacy systems successfully.

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Section: Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%

LDACS Flight Trials: Demonstration and Performance Analysis of the Future Aeronautical Communications System

Bellido-Manganell

Gräupl

Heirich

et al. 2022

IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst.

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“…This can be achieved by the STS [6] protocol together with different possible variations of the DHKE. In order to provide confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity protection of messages in transit AES-256 Galois Counter Mode (GCM) is applied [7].…”

Section: Bobmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Section II-B we already introduced the concept to make use of the STS protocol for LDACS, as already suggested in [6] and [7]. First we want to introduce the exact protocol run foreseen to be used for LDACS and then define message sizes for our emulation of latency times.…”

Section: Ldacs Certificate Based Authentication Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In previous works we proposed cybersecurity functions and measures for LDACS, such as Mutual Authentication and Key Exchange (MAKE) protocols, authenticated encryption for messages in transit and different trust solutions [6], [7]. However, there has been no discussion yet about the optimal key agreement variation of the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange (DHKE) for digital aeronautical communications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparing Different Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange Flavors for LDACS

Mäurer

Gräupl

Gentsch

et al. 2020

2020 AIAA/IEEE 39th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC)

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Growth of civil air traffic worldwide poses a great challenge for the supporting Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) infrastructure. Analogue systems have to be replaced by digital means to optimize spectrum efficiency and automation is becoming much more important to be able to handle the amount of participants in the air traffic system. As safety and security are strongly intertwined in aviation, cybersecurity is one key enabler for digitalization in civil aviation. As such we investigate mutual authentication and key agreement methods for the digital aeronautical ground-based communications system L-band Digital Aeronautical Communication System (LDACS). Thereby, we compare the suitability of three different Diffie-Hellmann (DH) key exchange flavors used in a modified version of the Station-To-Station (STS) protocol, for digital aeronautical communication in terms of latency and security data overhead. We conclude, the STS protocol based on a central Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) trust solution with Supersingular Isogeny Diffie-Hellman (SIDH) for post-quantum security to be best suited for long term security. However, due to the smaller key sizes, Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) is the more resource efficient candidate and may play a role in low resource authentication scenarios for LDACS.

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“…In this work, performance comparisons have been carried out between the different mobility protocols, LISP-MN and MIPv6/SHIM6, in terms of handover signaling delay for both SDN-based and non-SDN-based architecture. Security-related issues were addressed in studies [ 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Among the studies on physical layer technology, adaptive modulation-coding (AMC) scheme was covered in [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calculation of AeroMACS Spectrum Requirements Based on Traffic Simulator

Shin¹,

Kim

Lee

et al. 2021

Sensors

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In this paper, we propose a methodology for calculating the necessary spectrum requirements of aeronautical mobile airport communication system (AeroMACS) to provide various airport communication services. To accurately calculate the spectrum requirement, it is necessary to evaluate the AeroMACS traffic demand of the peak time and statistical data on the packet traffic generated at the airport. Because there is no AeroMACS traffic model and real trace data, we have developed the AeroMACS traffic simulator based on the report of Single European Sky Air Traffic Management Research (SESAR). To calculate the spectrum requirements, the AeroMACS traffic simulator is combined with the methodology of ITU-R M.1768-1. The developed traffic simulator reflects AeroMACS traffic priorities and can generate the required traffic according to its location in the airport. We observed the spectrum requirement by changing the number of sectors and the spectral efficiency. To show the feasibility of our methodology, we applied it to the case of Incheon International Airport in Korea. The simulation results show that the average bandwidth of 0.94 MHz is required in the ground area and 8.59 MHz is required in the entire airport.

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Towards Successful Realization of the LDACS Cybersecurity Architecture: An Updated Datalink Security Threat- And Risk Analysis

Cited by 12 publications

References 28 publications

LDACS Flight Trials: Demonstration and Performance Analysis of the Future Aeronautical Communications System

LDACS Flight Trials: Demonstration and Performance Analysis of the Future Aeronautical Communications System

Comparing Different Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange Flavors for LDACS

Calculation of AeroMACS Spectrum Requirements Based on Traffic Simulator

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