Towards System-Level Validation

Abstract

Power system operation is of vital importance and has to be developed far beyond today's practice in order to meet future needs like the integration of renewables or battery storage systems [3]. In fact, nearly all European countries faced an abrupt and very important growth of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) such as wind and photovoltaic that are intrinsically variable and up to some extent difficult to predict. In addition, an increase of new types of electric loads such as air conditioning, heat pumps, and electric vehicles; and a reduction of traditional generation power plants can be observed. Hence, the level of complexity of system operation increases steadily. To avoid dramatic consequences, there is an urgent need for a system flexibility increase [18]. Also the roll-out of smart grids applications and solutions such as Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and power electronic-based grid components is of particular importance in order to realize a number of advanced system functionalities (power/energy management, demand side management, ancillary services provision, etc.) [6,7,13,14].In such a Cyber-Physical Energy System (CPES)-also denoted as "Smart Grid" in the literature [3]-this also requires distributed intelligence on different levels in the system as outlined in Fig. 1 and Table 1. Flexibility, adaptability, scalability, and autonomy are key points to realize the automation systems and component controllers of CPES [13]. Also, interoperability and open interfaces are important to enable the above described functions on the different levels of intelligence [6]. Hence, such kind

Multidomain Cyber-Physical Testbed for Power System Vulnerability Assessment

“…Researchers in [21]- [23] have explored CPS testbeds aligning with Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to assess vulnerabilities. However, the SCADA capabilities are limited and do not meet the new operational requirements of modern and intelligent power grids, such as the need for high-rate sampled data, accuracy, and synchronized measurements.…”

“…Number of authors [8], [21], [25] offer a set of criteria for the testbed implementation and evaluation that consider one position of attackers in the power system structure and don't provide an assessment of threats for each power system structural level that could be explored using testbed facilities. Unlike them, this paper explores threats in CPS testbed structure according to the Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM).…”

Overview of Interface Algorithms, Interface Signals, Communication and Delay in Real-Time Co-Simulation of Distributed Power Systems

“…These electrical signals represent the dynamic behavior of the electrical or electronic components being simulated [29]. The three forms of electrical signal coupling and exchange are asynchronous AC coupling and synchronous AC coupling [60] [70].…”