“…Due to these challenges, phone or other mobile device ownership is not necessarily synonymous with consistent access to online platforms and consequently consistent use (Lumadi, 2017;Lwoga, 2012). Even where there is access, the devices might not be appropriate for the learning purposes and/or the learners have not been taught to use them for learning purposes Gachago et al, 2014;Heerwegh, De Wit, & Verhoeven, 2016;Hornsby & Osman, 2014;Ilomäki et al,, 2016;Nafukho & Muyia, 2013;Waghid & Waghid, 2016). Therefore, it is not sufficient to provide students who identify as lacking a mobile device with a device, but also to ensure that those who do own one have a compatible device and access to the necessary data and bandwidth (Brown et al, 2016;Brown & Haupt, 2018;Waghid & Waghid, 2016).…”