“…These systems are often motivated by open data initiatives requiring city agencies to make their data publicly available through open data portals [12,11,63,27,4], which played a central role in helping experts to gain a deeper understanding of cities, evaluate policies, and plan developments [71]. Examples of such systems include ones designed to explore human mobility [2,22,3,61], public policy [13], air pollution [15,29], urban traffic [28], public transportation [57,69], real-estate ownership [32], land use labelling [62], urban change [46], and shadow impact on public spaces [45].…”