Toxaphene and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) losses from cotton in an agroecosystem chamber

Nash, Ralph G.; Beall, M. L.; Harris, William G.

doi:10.1021/jf60210a008

Cited by 43 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In the past, the volatilization of pesticides was either measured under artificial, constant conditions in the laboratory using small volatilization chambers (10)(11)(12), microagroecosystems (13)(14)(15), wind tunnels (16)(17)(18) or in the field, using various micrometeorological methods (19)(20)(21). Sometimes small volatilization chambers were also used in the field or on lysimeters (22)(23)(24), but the climate inside these chambers differs considerably from outside conditions due to the greenhouse effect.…”

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confidence: 99%

Volatilization of Pesticides: Measurements Under Simulated Field Conditions

Stork

Ophoff

Smelt

et al. 1998

ACS Symposium Series

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Volatilization of pesticides is either measured under artificial, constant conditions in the laboratory or using micrometeorological measurements in the field, both having their specific limitations. A wind tunnel erected above a lysimeter combines the advantages of both methods: simulated field conditions, use of radiolabeled compounds, detection of metabo lites and mass balances. The volatilization behavior of four pesticides was studied under simu lated field conditions in the wind tunnel. In two experiments, simultane ous, parallel measurements were carried out in the field. High volatiliza tion rates from plants were detected for fenpropimorph and parathion -methyl (up to 50 % d -1 ) whereas clopyralid showed only a very low volatilization. Generally, volatilization started immediately after appli cation at relatively high rates, rapidly decreasing to a considerably lower level, where a diurnal rhythm was observed. Volatilization rates corre sponded well with data from the simultaneous field measurements. Plant uptake was a major process counteracting pesticide volatilization. Vola tilization from bare soil was only slight for parathion-methyl (2 %) and terbuthylazine (0.5 %) during a 3-week wind-tunnel experiment. The volatilization rates were strongly dependent on soil moisture. A diurnal rhythm was observed right from the beginning. Simultaneously meas ured volatilization rates in the field were considerably higher due to dif ferences in soil moisture, application volume of water, and irrigation in tensity. The occurrence of non-identified metabolites in air samples sug gests that for many pesticides metabolic processes, possibly due to pho tolysis on plant or soil surfaces plays an important role in their dissipa tion.

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confidence: 99%

Volatilization of Pesticides: Measurements Under Simulated Field Conditions

Stork

Ophoff

Smelt

et al. 1998

ACS Symposium Series

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“…Nash et aI. (12) and Gillett and Gile (7) have developed microecosys terns, however, neither system attempts to simulate field drainage.…”

Section: Additional Index Wordsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Microecosystem for Fertilizer and Pesticide Fate Research¹

Branham¹,

Wehner²,

Torello³

et al. 1985

Agronomy Journal

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A microecosystem was designed to study the behavior of pesticides, fertilizers, or related compounds applied to plant stands. The system consists of three parts: a brass base that holds the plant growth media, a glass atmospheric chamber that rests on the base, and a set of analytical traps. The brass base is fitted with a porous ceramic plate so that tension can be applied to the water in the growing media. Air enters the bottom of the glass atmospheric chamber and exits through the top into appropriate trapping systems to recover volatilized pesticides, ammonia, or metabolized I'CO l from labeled compounds. A port at the base of the chamber allows collection of leachate. The microecosystem was evaluated by applying N sources or a pesticide to intact turfgrass profiles and monitoring the fate of the applied compound. Leaching and volatilization losses of N ranged from 0 to 17% and 0.1 to 17% of the applied N, respectively, de· pending on N source, soil conditions, and whether tension was ap plied to the base of the system. Three weeks after the application of radiolabeled diazinon [0,O-diethyl-0-(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6 primidinyl) phosphorothiote} to a turf, 47% of the label remained In the form of the parent compound, 22% had been metabolized and lost as 14C0 2 , 1% had leached through the profile, 2% had been lost through volatilization, and 28% remained in the soil as a metabolite or in unextractable compounds. The microecosystem has proven to be an invaluable tool for turfgrass research and should be useful for fertilizer and pesticide fate studies with other crops. M ICROECOSYSTEMS are useful tools for studying the fate of pesticides, fertilizer elements, or related compounds applied to plant stands. The advantages of using these systems over field studies are that they are closed, allowing for total accountability of a com pound and its metabolites and they facilitate studies with radioactive Of potentially toxic materials. Additional index words:The first microecosystem designed to follow the movement ofpesticides and metabolites through a food chain was developed by Metcalf et al. (10), and con sisted of an aquatic-terrestrial system. Cole et al. (4) I This study was part of Project nos. 65-356 and 32-325 of the Agric. Exp. Stn., College of Agriculture, Univ.

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“…Also, metabolites are not recovered from air (the efficiency of the polyurethane plugs for Nash et al (1977) was designed to simulate an agricultural field ecosystem metabolite recovery has not been firmly established). Also, metabolites are not recovered from air (the efficiency of the polyurethane plugs for Nash et al (1977) was designed to simulate an agricultural field ecosystem metabolite recovery has not been firmly established).…”

Section: Terrestrial Laboratory Microecosystemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactions and Processes

Baughman¹

1980

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

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Toxaphene and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) losses from cotton in an agroecosystem chamber

Cited by 43 publications

References 6 publications

Volatilization of Pesticides: Measurements Under Simulated Field Conditions

Volatilization of Pesticides: Measurements Under Simulated Field Conditions

A Microecosystem for Fertilizer and Pesticide Fate Research¹

Reactions and Processes

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Toxaphene and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) losses from cotton in an agroecosystem chamber

Cited by 43 publications

References 6 publications

Volatilization of Pesticides: Measurements Under Simulated Field Conditions

Volatilization of Pesticides: Measurements Under Simulated Field Conditions

A Microecosystem for Fertilizer and Pesticide Fate Research1

Reactions and Processes

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A Microecosystem for Fertilizer and Pesticide Fate Research¹