Toxaphene dissipation from treated cotton field environments: component residual behavior on leaves and in air, soil, and sediments determined by capillary gas chromatography

Toxaphene residues in fish: identification, quantification, and confirmation at part per billion levels

“…Roadside-soil studies have shown strong concentration gradients of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb vs. distance from heavily traveled highways (6)(7)(8)(9). These observations, however, do not demonstrate that these elements are present on particles small enough to remain suspended in air at long distances from highways.…”

“…Much of the toxaphene applied annually to crops is probably lost to the atmosphere through volatilization and dust. Sieber et al (8) found that 59% of the toxaphene applied to cotton plants as an aerially applied emulsion and 52% of that deposited on the soil vaporized in 58 days.…”

Fumio Matsumura – Accomplishments at the University of California, Davis, and in the Sierra Nevada Mountains

“…For toxaphene, capillary column gas chromatography was used to demonstrate the stability of toxaphene on cotton leaf surfaces, and its dissipation by volatilization, favoring the early loss of the more volatile components, and stability of the less volatile ones [11]. It was clear from this study and others that post-application volatilization was a major source of toxaphene to the air, and to the environment.…”

Pathways for the oxidation of sarin in urban atmospheres

“…Deposition and resuspension are now thoroughly parameterized (Spencer et al, 1973;Nash and Beall, 1977;Seiber et al, 1979;Woodrow et al, 1986;Woodrow et al, 1990). Standard eddy methods have been adapted to estimate fluxes (Majewski et al, 1989;Taylor and Spencer, 1990).…”