Toxic activity and protein identification from the parotoid gland secretion of the common toad Bufo bufo

Kowalski, Krzysztof; Marciniak, Paweł; Rosiński, Grzegorz; Rychlik, Leszek

doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.01.004

Cited by 30 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Serine proteases have been identified mainly in snake venoms, but these enzymes have also been found in the venoms of insects [ 74 ], as well as in toad [ 75 ] and frog [ 76 ] secretions. Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities were also reported for these enzymes [ 77 , 78 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities were also reported for these enzymes [ 77 , 78 ]. Additionally, it has been reported that snake serine proteases cause hemostatic disequilibrium in prey through their action on several components of the coagulation cascade [ 75 , 79 ]. We found seven partial transcripts that putatively code for serine proteases ( Supplementary Table S1 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses Reveal the Diversity of Venom Components from the Vaejovid Scorpion Serradigitus gertschi

Romero-Gutiérrez

Santibáñez‐López

Jiménez-Vargas

et al. 2018

Toxins

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To understand the diversity of scorpion venom, RNA from venomous glands from a sawfinger scorpion, Serradigitus gertschi, of the family Vaejovidae, was extracted and used for transcriptomic analysis. A total of 84,835 transcripts were assembled after Illumina sequencing. From those, 119 transcripts were annotated and found to putatively code for peptides or proteins that share sequence similarities with the previously reported venom components of other species. In accordance with sequence similarity, the transcripts were classified as potentially coding for 37 ion channel toxins; 17 host defense peptides; 28 enzymes, including phospholipases, hyaluronidases, metalloproteases, and serine proteases; nine protease inhibitor-like peptides; 10 peptides of the cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis-related 1 protein superfamily; seven La1-like peptides; and 11 sequences classified as “other venom components”. A mass fingerprint performed by mass spectrometry identified 204 components with molecular masses varying from 444.26 Da to 12,432.80 Da, plus several higher molecular weight proteins whose precise masses were not determined. The LC-MS/MS analysis of a tryptic digestion of the soluble venom resulted in the de novo determination of 16,840 peptide sequences, 24 of which matched sequences predicted from the translated transcriptome. The database presented here increases our general knowledge of the biodiversity of venom components from neglected non-buthid scorpions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses Reveal the Diversity of Venom Components from the Vaejovid Scorpion Serradigitus gertschi

Romero-Gutiérrez

Santibáñez‐López

Jiménez-Vargas

et al. 2018

Toxins

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“…The main poison-producing glands, paratoid, produce the neurotoxin bufotoxin and are located behind the toads' ears, on the backs of frogs, behind the salamander's eyes and on the upper surface of the Caecilians 24 . In a number of salamanders, the skin is toxic.…”

Section: Amphibian Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amphibian poisons, Importance and Effects

Jaleel¹,

Mukhaifi²,

Atshan³

2019

IJSSR

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Animals can employ peptides and venomous proteins for predation or protectionusuallyrely on specific morphological compositions, such as fangs, spines or stinger, for effectual intoxication. Peptides secreted by the skinof frog , usually believed fraction of the immune system of amphibians, permeabilize the epithelial tissue of the mouth and allow rapid access to toxins co-secreted to the blood and organs of the predator.

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“…In such cases, our approach would probably not be effective. It is also important to note that toads, thanks to their features, especially toxicity (Kowalski et al 2018), are inedible for many scavengers and can remain longer on the road than other amphibians. Thus, similar studies on the basis of different species, such as ranids, salamandrids, and other pool-breeding amphibians, should be carried out, as well, but interpretation of resulting data requires more caution.…”

Section: Use Of Road Kills For Scientific Purposesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Road-killed toads as a non-invasive source to study age structure of spring migrating population

et al. 2018

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Development of road system causes worldwide barriers to wildlife movement and leads to mass road mortality which is a serious threat to the biodiversity, especially globally endangered amphibians. Animal carcasses, however, constitute an important noninvasive material for further research including species life history traits, but there is little known whether the road-killed animals are a representative sample of entire population. The aim of our research was to compare the age structures between road-killed and live individuals which crossed the road successfully during the breeding migration. As a model species, we used the common toad Bufo bufo which is a main amphibian traffic victim in Europe. We collected toe clips of dead and live toads during their breeding migration in four sampling sites located in the lowlands of western Poland. Phalanges were used for age determination by the skeletochronology. There were no significant differences in age distribution between live and dead individuals of the same sex in all populations studied. In compared groups, medians and mean ages were the same or differed marginally and confidence intervals for the mean age almost completely overlapped. Our results suggest that toads are killed on roads regardless of individual age, thus skeletochronological analysis of dead individuals is useful to study age structure of a live population. Our approach allows to avoid mutilation of amphibians and can be used to increase the knowledge of age structure of a given species living near the road as well as to study long-term road effect on amphibian demography. However, further comparative research on different species is required.

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Toxic activity and protein identification from the parotoid gland secretion of the common toad Bufo bufo

Cited by 30 publications

References 58 publications

Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses Reveal the Diversity of Venom Components from the Vaejovid Scorpion Serradigitus gertschi

Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses Reveal the Diversity of Venom Components from the Vaejovid Scorpion Serradigitus gertschi

Amphibian poisons, Importance and Effects

Road-killed toads as a non-invasive source to study age structure of spring migrating population

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