Toxic contaminants in rainfall in Canada: 1984

Strachan, William M. J.

doi:10.1002/etc.5620071103

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 20 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It has been shown that several specific organohalogens are often present in precipitation. For example, DDT, PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), PCDDs (polychlorinated dibenzodioxins), chlorobenzenes, chlorophenols, and chloroacetic acids may be found in rain (Atlas and Giam 1981;Paasivirta et al 1985;Strachan 1988;Frank 1991;Schleyer et al 1991;Koester and Hites 1992). Anthropogenic compounds can only explain a minor fraction of the total amount of organically bound chlorine in rain, since the former are detected in ppt levels and the latter in ppb levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Role of Organic-matter-bound Chlorine in the Chlorine Cycle: A Case Study of the Stubbetorp Catchment, Sweden

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The objective of this study is to construct a balanced chlorine budget for a small forested catchment, focusing on the interaction between chloride (Cl inorg ) and organic-matter-bound chlorine (Cl org ). Data from the actual catchment are combined with secondary data from other sites to elucidate more clearly which parts of the cycle are fairly well known and which are more or less unknown. The budget calculations show that the principal input and output fluxes of Cl in the catchment are inorganic but that the main pool is Cl org in the soil. In addition, the budget calculations suggest that a considerable portion of Cl inorg in soil is transformed to Cl org and subsequently leached to deeper soil layers, that net mineralization of Cl org takes place in soil, preferably in deeper soil layers, and that degrading organic matter is a major source of Cl inorg in runoff. The loss of Cl org through runoff is small to negligible in relation to other fluxes. It appears as if dry deposition of Cl inorg is at risk of being underestimated if Cl inorg is assumed to be conservative in soil. The pool of organic-matter-bound chlorine in soil is considerably larger than the annual flux of chloride through the system. The estimates suggest that the amount of Cl org in the upper 40 cm of the soil at the investigated site is approximately twice as large as the Cl inorg . Furthermore, the amount of Cl org biomass is small in relation to the occurrence of Cl org in soil. Finally, the estimates indicate that the transport of volatile Cl org from the soil to the atmosphere may influence the chlorine cycle.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Role of Organic-matter-bound Chlorine in the Chlorine Cycle: A Case Study of the Stubbetorp Catchment, Sweden

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Long-range transport would include deposition of pesticides to the reservoirs in rain, on soil particles, and from direct transfer of pesticide from the atmosphere to the reservoir at the air–water interface. Relatively high concentrations of pesticides have been detected in the atmosphere (Grover et al 1976; Rawn et al 1999a; Waite et al 2002), in rain (Hill et al 2002; Rawn et al 1999b; Strachan 1988), and on wind-eroded soil particles in the northern plains (Larney et al 1999). In this region, mass balance calculations indicate that atmospheric deposition alone can account for the levels of herbicides detected in shallow aquatic habitats in the northern plains (Donald et al 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticides in Surface Drinking-Water Supplies of the Northern Great Plains

Donald

Cessna

Sverko

et al. 2007

Environ Health Perspect

157

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundHuman health anomalies have been associated with pesticide exposure for people living in rural landscapes in the northern Great Plains of North America.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of 45 pesticides in drinking water from reservoirs in this area that received water primarily from snowmelt and rainfall runoff from agricultural crop lands.MethodsWater from 15 reservoirs was sampled frequently during the spring pesticide application period (early May to mid-August) and less frequently for the remainder of the year. Drinking water was sampled in early July. Sample extracts were analyzed for pesticide content using mass spectrometric detection.ResultsWe detected two insecticides and 27 herbicides in reservoir water. Consistent detection of a subset of 7 herbicides suggested that atmospheric deposition, either directly or in rain, was the principal pathway from fields to the reservoirs. However, the highest concentrations and number of herbicides in drinking water were associated with runoff from a localized 133-mm rainfall over 15 days toward the end of spring herbicide application. Water treatment removed from 14 to 86% of individual herbicides. Drinking water contained 3–15 herbicides (average, 6.4).ConclusionsWe estimated the mean annual calculated concentration of herbicides in drinking water to be 75 ng/L (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid, 31 ng/L (2-chloro-4-methylphenoxy)acetic acid, 24 ng/L clopyralid, 11 ng/L dichlorprop, 4 ng/L dicamba, 3 ng/L mecoprop, and 1 ng/L bro-moxynil. The maximum total concentration of herbicides in drinking water was 2,423 ng/L. For the seven herbicides with established drinking water guidelines, all concentrations of the individual chemicals were well below their respective guideline. However, guidelines have not been established for the majority of the herbicides found in drinking water or for mixtures of pesticides.

show abstract

“…The organochlorine insecticides dieldrin, α‐HCH, and heptachlor are not used in Canada or in the United States [17]. All, however, are commonly detected in rainwater samples throughout Canada and the globe [18–20]. In 1984, the mean concentration of α‐HCH and heptachlor epoxide in rain from northern Saskatchewan was 6.5 and 0.38 ng/L, respectively [18], suggesting that rain could be a source of these chemicals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All, however, are commonly detected in rainwater samples throughout Canada and the globe [18–20]. In 1984, the mean concentration of α‐HCH and heptachlor epoxide in rain from northern Saskatchewan was 6.5 and 0.38 ng/L, respectively [18], suggesting that rain could be a source of these chemicals. The original source for dieldrin may be Central America, where atmospheric concentrations are high and it may still be used [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobilization of pesticides on an agricultural landscape flooded by a torrential storm

Donald

Hunter

Sverko

et al. 2005

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Mobilization of pesticides into surface waters of flooded agricultural landscapes following extreme precipitation events has not been previously investigated. After receiving 96 mm of rain in the previous 45 d, the Vanguard area of southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada, was subjected to a torrential storm on July 3, 2000, that produced as much as 375 mm of rain in 8 h. The majority of herbicides, but no insecticides, would have been applied to crops in the Vanguard area during the four weeks preceding the storm. After the storm, 19 herbicides and insecticides were detected in flooded wetlands, with 14 of them detected in 50% or more of wetlands. Average concentrations ranged from 0.43 ng/L (endosulfan) to 362 ng/L (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacedic acid). The pesticides probably were from long-range transport, followed by deposition in rain, and from herbicides applied to crops within the area subjected to the storm (1,700 km2). In the following year, when only 62 mm of rain fell in the same 45 d, only five pesticides were detected in 50% or more of wetlands. We estimated that for the 1,700-km2 storm zone, 278 kg of herbicide were mobilized into rain and by runoff into surface waters, and 105 kg were removed from the Vanguard area by discharge into Notukeu Creek. Significant quantities of herbicides are mobilized to aquatic environments when prairie agricultural landscapes are subjected to torrential storms. In these circumstances, flooded wells and small municipal reservoirs used as sources of drinking water may be compromised by 10 or more pesticides, some at relatively high concentrations.

show abstract

Toxic contaminants in rainfall in Canada: 1984

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

The Role of Organic-matter-bound Chlorine in the Chlorine Cycle: A Case Study of the Stubbetorp Catchment, Sweden

The Role of Organic-matter-bound Chlorine in the Chlorine Cycle: A Case Study of the Stubbetorp Catchment, Sweden

Pesticides in Surface Drinking-Water Supplies of the Northern Great Plains

Mobilization of pesticides on an agricultural landscape flooded by a torrential storm

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About