Toxic Effect of Combined Exposure of Microplastics and Copper on Goldfish (Carassius auratus): Insight from Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Apoptosis and Autophagy in Hepatopancreas and Intestine

Factors Affecting the Adsorption of Heavy Metals by Microplastics and Their Toxic Effects on Fish

“…and decreased the abundance of Streptomyces sp. in the intestinal tract, which may be related to metabolic disorders and intestinal diseases [ 75 ]. Other studies have shown that, in fish, toxic substances such as MPs and HMs are easily adsorbed on villi surfaces and increase the permeability of cell membranes by reacting with phospholipids on the cell membrane [ 76 ].…”

“…The joint exposure of MPs and Cu led to the strong cytoplasmic staining and nuclear aggregation of some goldfish liver cells, and the cytoplasm was concentrated, and the cell boundary was blurred. This suggests that combined exposure of MPs and Cu leads to a more severe hepatopancreas injury in goldfish [ 75 ]. Lu et al exposed zebrafish to MPs containing Cd and PS for 3 weeks and found that the presence of MPs could increase the accumulation of Cd in the gills, intestines, and liver of zebrafish [ 85 ].…”

“…In addition to MP toxicity in fish, the combined toxic effects of MPs and HMs have received much attention. It was found that the co-exposure of MPs and Cu led to significantly up-regulated CAT expression and significantly down-regulated SOD expression in the goldfish hepatopancreas, indicating that the combined exposure of MPs and Cu induced more severe oxidative stress and destroyed the balance of the antioxidant defense system in goldfish [ 75 ]. Lu et al exposed zebrafish to MPs and Cd alone or in combination.…”

Mitochondrial dysfunction and lipometabolic disturbance induced by the co-effect of polystyrene nanoplastics and copper impede early life stage development of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

“…In addition, existing literature reports and our previous study show that MPs/NPs can not only adsorb Cu but also significantly increase the accumulation of Cu in tissues, which may enhance the toxic effects of Cu. 21,55 The adhesion and accumulation of NPs outside the zebrafish embryonic chorionic membrane and the intake of NPs in zebrafish larvae may be the way by which the presence of NPs enhances the accumulation of Cu in the tissue. The interaction between MPs/NPs and Cu is the physical absorption based on weak bonds, so there may be no complex chemical reaction between them.…”

Polylactic Acid-Based Microplastic Particles Induced Oxidative Damage in Brain and Gills of Goldfish Carassius auratus

“…The cyprinid Carassius auratus, the goldfish, is a commonly used fish model in ecotoxicity studies due to its wide availability and easy handling. Goldfish have been successfully used in both short-term (e.g., as short as 60 min) and long-term (e.g., nearly two months) exposure studies employing various endpoints (e.g., oxidative stress, LPO, behavioral changes, neurotoxicity, transcriptomic changes) [42][43][44][45][46][47][48]. In particular, C. auratus has shown significantly elevated MDA levels in the brain and liver (but not in the gills) after exposure to 0.5 mg L −1 of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastic (0.1 to 1000 µm size) for 96 h [49].…”