Toxic Effects Produced by Anatoxin-a under Laboratory Conditions: A Review

Plata-Calzado, Cristina; Prieto, Ana I.; Cameán, Ana M.; Jos, Ángeles

doi:10.3390/toxins14120861

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Studies on cultures of Microcoleus autumnalis revealed that ATX production was highest during early exponential phase, suggesting that ATX congeners may provide a physiological benefit during initial substrate colonization or when the producer's quorum is low in a mixed population [27,39]. In such a context, ATX congeners could help control microherbivores like nematodes or crustaceans, for which ATX seems indeed to be toxic [40][41][42]. The toxins could also interfere with the metabolism of other cyanobacteria or algae and be effective as anti-competitor weapons [42,43].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A singleMicrocoleusspecies causes benthic cyanotoxic blooms worldwide

Junier,

Cailleau,

Fatton

et al. 2023

Preprint

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In the last ten years, blooms of benthic cyanobacteria producing derivatives of the potent neurotoxin anatoxin-a have been repeatedly reported in rivers of temperate regions all over the world. For three series of events, in New Zealand, the USA, and Canada, a cohesive cluster of Microcoleus strains was found to be responsible for the toxin synthesis. Here, we document a similar toxigenic event that occurred at the mouth of the river Areuse in the lake of Neuchatel (Switzerland) and caused the death of several dogs. Using 16S RNA-based community analysis, we show that benthic communities in the river are dominated by Oscillatoriales and especially by the Microcoleus genus. We correlate the detection of one specific sequence variant with the presence of anatoxin-a derivatives and use metagenomics to assemble a complete circular genome of the strain of interest. The strain is distinct from the ones isolated in New Zealand, the USA, and Canada, but belongs to the same species (>94% average nucleotide identity); it shares significant genomic traits with them, in particular a relatively small genome and incomplete vitamin biosynthetic pathways. Overall, our results suggest that the major anatoxin-a-associated benthic proliferations worldwide can be traced back to a single ubiquitous Microcoleus species rather than to a diversity of cyanobacterial lineages. We recommend that this species be monitored internationally and studied in detail in order to help predict and mitigate similar cyanotoxic events.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In such a context, ATX congeners could help control microherbivores like nematodes or crustaceans, for which ATX seems indeed to be toxic [40][41][42]. The toxins could also interfere with the metabolism of other cyanobacteria or algae and be effective as anti-competitor weapons [42,43].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A singleMicrocoleusspecies causes benthic cyanotoxic blooms worldwide

Junier,

Cailleau,

Fatton

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…However, toxicity data for ATX-a are comparatively scarcer than for other cyanotoxins and are a topic worthy of research. Recently, Plata-Calzado et al [ 14 ] reviewed the toxic effects produced by ATX-a under laboratory conditions and evidenced that, in addition to neurotoxic effects, the scientific literature shows that ATX-a can also have immunotoxic effects [ 15 , 16 ] and that oxidative stress and apoptosis are the mechanisms involved. Moreover, ATX-a was shown to be genotoxic in vitro by the micronucleus test [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Methods for Anatoxin-a Determination: A Review

Plata-Calzado,

Prieto,

Cameán

et al. 2024

Toxins

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Anatoxin-a (ATX-a) is a potent neurotoxin produced by several species of cyanobacteria whose exposure can have direct consequences, including neurological disorders and death. The increasing prevalence of harmful cyanobacterial blooms makes the detection and reliable assessment of ATX-a levels essential to prevent the risk associated with public health. Therefore, the aim of this review is to compile the analytical methods developed to date for the detection and quantification of ATX-a levels alone and in mixtures with other cyanotoxins and their suitability. A classification of the analytical methods available is fundamental to make an appropriate choice according to the type of sample, the equipment available, and the required sensitivity and specificity for each specific purpose. The most widely used detection technique for the quantification of this toxin is liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The analytical methods reviewed herein focus mainly on water and cyanobacterial samples, so the need for validated analytical methods in more complex matrices (vegetables and fish) for the determination of ATX-a to assess dietary exposure to this toxin is evidenced. There is currently a trend towards the validation of multitoxin methods as opposed to single-ATX-a determination methods, which corresponds to the real situation of cyanotoxins’ confluence in nature.

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“…In freshwater systems, HCBs are caused by cyanobacterial growth and may result in production of numerous toxins including micocytins, anatoxins (ATXs), saxitoxins, and cylindrospermopsins. Microcystins have been the focus of many recent studies, while ATXs have received considerably less attention, despite potent neurotoxic effects [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Anatoxins in Human Urine by Liquid Chromatography Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry and ELISA

Cunningham,

Lagon,

Bragg

et al. 2024

Toxins

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Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are becoming more common and persistent around the world. When in bloom, various cyanobacterial strains can produce anatoxins in high concentrations, which, unlike other cyanobacterial toxins, may be present in clear water. Potential human and animal exposures to anatoxins occur mainly through unintentional ingestion of contaminated algal mats and water. To address this public health threat, we developed and validated an LC-MS/MS method to detect anatoxins in human urine to confirm exposures. Pooled urine was fortified with anatoxin-a and dihydroanatoxin at concentrations from 10.0 to 500 ng/mL to create calibrators and quality control samples. Samples were diluted with isotopically labeled anatoxin and solvent prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. This method can accurately quantitate anatoxin-a with inter- and intraday accuracies ranging from 98.5 to 103% and relative standard deviations < 15%, which is within analytical guidelines for mass spectrometry methods. Additionally, this method qualitatively detects a common degradation product of anatoxin, dihydroanatoxin, above 10 ng/mL. We also evaluated a commercial anatoxin-a ELISA kit for potential diagnostic use; however, numerous false positives were detected from unexposed individual human urine samples. In conclusion, we have developed a method to detect anatoxins precisely and accurately in urine samples, addressing a public health area of concern, which can be applied to future exposure events.

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Toxic Effects Produced by Anatoxin-a under Laboratory Conditions: A Review

Cited by 15 publications

References 91 publications

A singleMicrocoleusspecies causes benthic cyanotoxic blooms worldwide

A singleMicrocoleusspecies causes benthic cyanotoxic blooms worldwide

Analytical Methods for Anatoxin-a Determination: A Review

Detection of Anatoxins in Human Urine by Liquid Chromatography Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry and ELISA

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