Toxic Equine Parkinsonism: An Immunohistochemical Study of 10 Horses With Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia

Abstract

Chronic ingestion of yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis) or Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens) causes nigropallidal encephalomalacia (NPE) in horses with an abrupt onset of neurologic signs characterized by dystonia of lips and tongue, inability to prehend food, depression, and locomotor deficits. The objectives of this study were to reexamine the pathologic alterations of NPE and to conduct an immunohistochemistry study using antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase and a-synuclein, to determine whether NPE brains show histopathologic features resembling those in human Parkinson disease. Results confirm that the NPE lesions are located within the substantia nigra pars reticulata, sparing the cell bodies of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and in the rostral portion of the globus pallidus, with partial disruption of dopaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase-positive) fibers passing through the globus pallidus. No abnormal cytoplasmic inclusions like the Lewy bodies of human Parkinson disease were seen in these NPE brains. These findings indicate that equine NPE may serve as a large animal model of environmentally acquired toxic parkinsonism, with clinical phenotype directly attributable to lesions in globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata rather than to the destruction of dopaminergic neurons.

The horse that wouldn't run

“…Roy et al isolated and characterised two potent neuroexcitotoxic compounds—aspartic acid and glutamic acids—and found other neurotoxic compounds in their extracts, requiring further attention 18. Chang et al used antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase and α-synuclein in an immunohistochemistry study19 and confirmed that lesions occurred within the substantia nigra pars reticularis and in the rostral globus pallidus, thus confirming Cordy's original description. There were no abnormal Lewy body-like cytoplasmic inclusions.…”

Physiology and Metabolic Anomalies of Dopamine in Horses: A Review

“…These findings indicate that equine NPE can serve as a large animal model of environmentally acquired toxic Parkinsonism. The clinical phenotype is directly attributable to lesions in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata rather than to the destruction of dopaminergic neurons [58].…”

Toxicology for the Equine Practitioner

“…It was suggested that ENPE may serve as a large animal model of environmentally acquired toxic parkinsonism, with clinical phenotype directly attributable to lesions in globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata rather than to the destruction of dopaminergic neurons. 9 Diagnosis of ENPE is often confirmed by postmortem examination of the brain; however, MRI can be used to detect lesions in affected areas of the brain antemortem.…”