Toxic Gas Emissions from a Timber-Pallet-Stack Fire in a Full-Scale Compartment

Alarifi, AA; Phylaktou, Herodotos N.; Andrews, Gordon E.; Dave, Jim; Aljumaiah, O

doi:10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_54

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The statistical comparison for Gottuk and Lattimer’s data with the SSTF data has therefore been made using the results for air below Φ = 1 and the air/nitrogen mixtures for Φ > 1. This set of SSTF data also shows agreement with data from a full-scale room burn of wood cribs by Alarifi et al [28].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Under these conditions, blue flames were observed, indicative of low flame temperatures favouring CO production. The findings of similar variations in yields at the same Φ levels in the wood, PMMA and MDF compartment fires indicate that similar effects are occurring in different compartment fires relating to variations in oxygen concentration in the flame zones and/or the oxidation of fuel gases in hot regions of upper layers where secondary air is entrained [9,10,11,22,25,26,28,29,31]. For lined rooms, another source of CO may be non-flaming oxidation of fuel near the ceiling.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Given the complex combustion environment in compartment fires, it is perhaps surprising that good predictions of yields can be made, not only for the major products of combustion, such as CO 2 , water and oxygen consumption, but also more “minor” combustion products, including CO and HCN (which are the most important toxic products for human fire hazards). Studies such as those of Pitts, Beyler, Gottuk, Lattimer and Alarifi [9,10,22,25,28], together with others described here [7,11,13,15,17,26,27], have demonstrated that the yields of products of inefficient combustion, especially CO, in flaming fires depend mainly on the fuel:air equivalence ratio, which is a powerful tool for the prediction of yields in compartment fires involving different fuels. These studies have also shown that the equivalence ratio is not the sole determinant of CO yields, so that upper layer temperature (pre- or post-flashover) and the local air entrainment and oxygen concentration in both flames and hot, fuel-rich, plumes also have some influence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Toxic Combustion Product Yields as a Function of Equivalence Ratio and Flame Retardants in Under-Ventilated Fires: Bench-Large-Scale Comparisons

Purser¹

2016

Polymers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:In large-scale compartment fires; combustion product yields vary with combustion conditions mainly in relation to the fuel:air equivalence ratio (Φ) and the effects of gas-phase flame retardants. Yields of products of inefficient combustion; including the major toxic products CO; HCN and organic irritants; increase considerably as combustion changes from well-ventilated (Φ < 1) to under-ventilated (Φ = 1-3). It is therefore essential that bench-scale toxicity tests reproduce this behaviour across the Φ range. Yield data from repeat compartment fire tests for any specific fuel show some variation on either side of a best-fit curve for CO yield as a function of Φ. In order to quantify the extent to which data from the steady state tube furnace (SSTF [1]; ISO TS19700 [2]) represents compartment fire yields; the range and average deviations of SSTF data for CO yields from the compartment fire best-fit curve were compared to those for direct compartment fire measurements for six different polymeric fuels with textile and non-textile applications and for generic post-flashover fire CO yield data. The average yields; range and standard deviations of the SSTF data around the best-fit compartment fire curves were found to be close to those for the compartment fire data. It is concluded that SSTF data are as good a predictor of compartment fire yields as are repeat compartment fire test data.

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Toxic Combustion Product Yields as a Function of Equivalence Ratio and Flame Retardants in Under-Ventilated Fires: Bench-Large-Scale Comparisons

Purser¹

2016

Polymers

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The CO yield was compared in Fig. 6b with the yield from wood in smaller compartments [3,11], 41 m 3 compartment [12] and Tewarson's correlation [13]. The present result shows good agreement with the results in the literature for equivalence ratios 0-0.7.…”

Section: Toxic Yieldssupporting

confidence: 84%

Pine Wood Crib Fires: Toxic Gas Emissions Using a 5 m3 Compartment Fire

Mustafa

Zahari

Zeng

et al. 2020

Wood &Amp; Fire Safety

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Toxic emissions from pinewood crib fires were determined using heated FTIR gas analysis from a 5m 3 compartment fire with an air opening equivalent to 5% of the compartment cross-sectional area (V 2/3 ) in the floor of the compartment and a vent in the ceiling layer, with the air inlet controlling the flow. A 20mm square pine wood crib size of 400 x 400 x 260 mm was investigated. The crib was ignited using a small ethanol pool fire. The flaming fire had a peak HRR of 40 kW and average ceiling temperature of 400 o C. The fire was lean overall at the peak HRR and the fire self-extinguished through lack of air with subsequent smouldering combustion. In spite of the lean combustion in the fire, very high toxic emissions were determined with an FEC LC 50 of > 6. The peak toxicity occurred just before the fire self-extinguished and the key toxic emissions were CO and formaldehyde for deaths, while formaldehyde and acrolein were the most important for impairment of escape.

show abstract

Toxic Gas Emissions from a Timber-Pallet-Stack Fire in a Full-Scale Compartment

Cited by 2 publications

References 9 publications

Toxic Combustion Product Yields as a Function of Equivalence Ratio and Flame Retardants in Under-Ventilated Fires: Bench-Large-Scale Comparisons

Toxic Combustion Product Yields as a Function of Equivalence Ratio and Flame Retardants in Under-Ventilated Fires: Bench-Large-Scale Comparisons

Pine Wood Crib Fires: Toxic Gas Emissions Using a 5 m3 Compartment Fire

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About