Toxic shock syndrome

Abstract

In the past 10 years, we have learned much about TSS and S. aureus and its toxins. A number of important biologic principles have been reemphasized in this first decade of TSS research: S. aureus is a very complex organism, one not likely to yield quick answers; in vitro observations must always be confirmed in the patient; animal models may not always be reliable replicates of human disease; and epidemiologic associations cannot be equated with causation. Toxic shock is an intricate phenomenon with many interesting scientific facets. Unraveling its mysteries will undoubtedly teach us more about the complex interaction of patients and microorganisms.

Inhibitory effect of antimicrobial agents and anisodamine on the staphylococcal superantigenic toxin-induced overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

“…1 TSST-1 is the major causative toxin of both toxic shock syndrome (TSS), 1 a life-threatening staphylococcal infection, and neonatal TSS-like exanthematous disease (NTED). 2 TSST-1 is a potent T-cell activator, and directly binds to MHC class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and to the antigen receptor (TCR)-bearing specific Vb elements of T cells.…”

Superantigen-induced multiple organ dysfunction in a toxin-concentration-controlled and sequential parameter-monitored swine sepsis model

“…These symptoms are well known in human toxic shock syndrome. 4,21 Neither a high dose of TSST-1 nor an infusion of protracted duration was required for the induction of organ failure. Thus, this study provides an animal model for Gram-positive bacterial sepsis without lethal hypotension.…”

“…15 Rabbits 18 and pigs 20 are highly susceptible species, while mice 21 and monkeys 22 do not exhibit any significant TSS-like symptoms. Accordingly, rabbits are the most widely used model animals for Gram-positive bacterial sepsis.…”

MRSA infection of buttocks, vulva, and genital tract in women

“…Pathogenic strains can produce distinctive toxic proteins, including toxic shock syndrome toxin 1, epidermal toxin, and enterotoxins B and C, which cause epidermolysis, fever, hypotension, and vomiting (as in toxic shock syndrome, initially associated with menstruation in women using a specifi c brand of tampon), with a mortality rate of 2% to 5% [15]. As if these virulence factors were not enough, resistant strains of S. aureus have emerged, compromising the ability to eradicate the pathogen.…”